Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
Download 0.82 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-routledge-education-books
reading laboratory A box of graded exercises, scientifically tested, to
develop reading skills, and printed on separate cards so that they can be used for individual work. realia Common, everyday objects, e.g. bus tickets, menu cards, fruit, brought into the classroom to assist language work. redundancy A feature of all languages whereby some information is provided more than once. Thus in the sentence ‘She met her son yesterday’ both she and her mark her sex, and both the past form of the verb, met, and yesterday mark the event as being in the past. register A widely used but imprecise term for variation in language associated with the use to which it is being put. Sometimes called ‘functional dialect’, it reflects features like formality (q.v.), e.g. addressing superiors, addressing friends; topic, e.g. legal v. religious language; and mode, e.g. letter-writing v. telegram-composing. reinforcement In EFL, provision of extra language use and learning opportunities to enable items which have been presented and practised to be fully internalised. remedial work In language teaching, generally all work which is aimed at putting right existing mistakes—hence most work after the earliest stages is arguably remedial. Often, used outside language teaching only for work for particularly backward learners. restricted code In Bernstein’s early work, a mode of language use heavily dependent on situation, marked by, e.g., much use of pronouns, and used in situations where explicit linguistic indication of precise meaning is unnecessary. Allegedly, all groups use it some of the time, but working-class groups more, so that they have more difficulty adjusting to the school environment, which demands extensive use of elaborated code. This is language suitable for precise and wide-ranging Glossary 228 expression of meanings and functions allegedly used by educated speakers. Still frequently cited, this distinction is lacking in empirical evidence, and would be accepted in simple form by no linguist. rhetoric Traditionally the study of how to speak or write persuasively. Relates to discourse studies (q.v.) in its concern with the functional organisation of texts. rhythm The pattern of sound length and stress in speech. role play An activity, either for teaching or therapeutic purposes, in which someone acts out a role in a more or less improvised fashion; sometimes distinguished from simulation (q.v.) in that people may be asked to act as a person with a different sex, age, or function from their own. RP Received pronunciation, ‘generally used by those who have been educated at “preparatory” boarding schools and the “Public Schools”’ (Daniel Jones, 1918). RSA Royal Society of Arts, 18 John Adam Street, London. The main examining body for certifying teachers of EFL/ESL outside the formal, full-time certification by the British Department of Education and Science; also sets English Language examinations. scale and category An earlier name for what is now usually called systemic grammar. There were four fundamental categories (unit, structure, class, system) and three scales (rank, exponence and delicacy). scheme of work A plan for a sequence of lessons, within a syllabus. It may be based on time units, e.g. a term, a year, or on some kind of organisation through topics. segment An isolable sound unit in the stream of speech. Segmentation, i.e. the dividing up of material into minimal units, may also be used in analysis of grammar or semantics. See componental analysis; Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling