Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
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teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-routledge-education-books
language laboratory A classroom in which pupils in separate booths are
equipped with headphones for listening to a language teaching programme either broadcast from a central console or pre-recorded on tapes in the booths. Language labs may be simply audio-active (AA), where pupils listen and respond to the programme, or audioactive comparative (AAC), where in addition pupils may record their own performance with a view to comparing it with the model provided on the master tape of the programme. langue/parole A distinction first made by Ferdinand de Saussure. ‘Langue’ is the conventionally accepted recognised system of linguistic elements by means of which the members of a speech community interact. ‘Parole’ is any given instance of actual individual linguistic behaviour. ‘Langue’ as system, can only be inferred from ‘Parole’, instances of actual practical use. See competence. lexical item An item of the vocabulary of a language which has a single element of meaning. ‘Lexical item’ does not equal ‘word’. Some lexical items consist of two or more words, e.g. to ‘put up with’; some words may realise several different lexical items, e.g. ‘bank’ of a river and ‘bank’ for money. lexical set A group of words related to one another by some semantic principle, a word family. For example, the names of colours—red, orange, yellow…—constitute a lexical set. lexis/lexicon The vocabulary or stock of lexical items of a language. See lexical item/lexical set. lock-step A pattern of teaching in which all pupils move forward at approximately the same rate, carrying out the same tasks and procedures at the same time—like soldiers marching together. See individualisation. look and say An approach to teaching initial reading by concentrating on the general shape of the word and not on reconstructing it from the sound-letter correspondence. macro-sociolinguistics The study of the use of language at the level of the Glossary 223 speech community, the nation, etc., concerned with language planning, language policy, for example. Cf. micro-sociolinguistics. marked form Marked forms are those linguistic items which manifest a contrast distinguishing them from an ‘unmarked’, ‘neutral’ or normal form. For example, mare and stallion are both marked forms—marked with regard to sex—as opposed to horse, which is unmarked. Similarly, old is the unmarked form in the age system in English—the question ‘How old is he?’ is neutral as opposed to ‘How young is he?’ which presupposes youth and so is marked. MCQ Multiple Choice Question (q.v.). mentalism A view of learning and thinking which sees the mind as a non- physical reality underlying observable human behaviour. Usually contrasted with behaviourism, which holds that such unobservable phenomena are by definition unscientific. Cf. behaviourism. MET Modem English Teacher. A magazine of practical suggestions for teaching English as a foreign language, published four times a year by Modern English Publications Ltd, 33 Shaftesbury Avenue, London Wl. micro-sociolinguistics The study of the use of language at the level of interaction between individuals, typically concerned with such matters as the level of formality used, and the linguistic matters of relative status, personal attitude, etc. micro-teaching A procedure used in teacher training wherein a small part of a lesson is taught to a small number of ‘pupils’ for a short length of time. ‘Pupils’ are often peers of the students who may or may not be assigned roles. Micro-teaching is often video-recorded allowing the teachers to watch themselves, and in the classic form of micro-teaching there is a revise and reteach phase as well. mim-mem Mimicry and memorisation. Usually refers to a largely American method of teaching whose main procedures were extensive mimicry and mechanical repetition which was supposed to foster effective memorisation through imprinting the appropriate response. See audio-lingual; S-R. minimal pair A pair of linguistic items differing by only one feature, most often phonological. For example, a pair like pit and pet are a minimal pair since the only difference between them is the vowel. modal verb One of the auxiliary verbs. Will/would, shall/should, may/ might, can/could, must, ought, need, dare, and used. They are a subset of the anomalous finites. model (1) The pattern of pronunciation or other form of (linguistic) behaviour offered as the example which a learner should follow in order to arrive at an acceptable performance. Thus RP (q.v.) is frequently suggested as a suitable model of pronunciation. (2) An abstract description of the nature of, for example, language, matter, society. A classic linguistic model is that of Chomsky. See transformational/ generative grammar. Glossary 224 monitor A term coined by S.Krashen to describe a learner’s self-conscious checking of his spoken or written language. mood The realisation of a speaker’s attitude to the content of what he is saying by means of verb forms: in English by use of modal verbs (q.v.). morpheme The smallest unit of language which is grammatically significant. Morphemes may be ‘bound’ or ‘free’. Bound morphemes are only found attached to some other morpheme. Thus boys consists of two morphemes, /boy/, which can occur alone and so is ‘free’, and /- z/ plural, which is bound. MT (1) Mother tongue—the language learned at one’s mother’s knee; hence the language in which one feels most at home, though not necessarily one’s mother’s language. See first language; L 1 . (2) Micro- teaching (q.v.). multiple choice questions Test items framed in such a way that the learner has to choose from a number of options in order to respond satisfactorily. Sometimes there is an actual question to which four different answers are suggested; sometimes there is a stem to which four different completions are attached. The answers or completions which are not correct are referred to as distractors. national language The language of a nation, especially one which is indigenous, and towards which members of the nation feel great loyalty. It may be contrasted with ‘official language’, which is a language authorised for use in parliament, government, education, etc., but towards which there may be little loyalty. natural language Any of the several thousand known languages of the world, contrasted with ‘artificial language’, i.e. a language specially constructed or invented, for example, for use in symbolic logic, philosophy or international communication, e.g. Esperanto. negotiation The process by which in interpersonal communication the Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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