Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

11- LABORATORY WORK.

Topic: Complementary effects of genes

The purpose of the work. To study the emergence of new traits in the interaction of genes. It consists of studying the inheritance of traits under the complementary influence of genes.
The content of the work. Observations of the laws of heredity by genetic and cytological methods show that in a hybrid offspring , according to Mendel's law, a certain proportion of separation can occur in the following two cases:
a) if the genes are located on the same homologous chromosomes;
b) if each gene has an independent effect on a particular trait or feature of the organism . For example, in a pea plant, one gene on the first chromosome of the homologous chromosome affects the smooth shape of the grain, and one gene on the second chromosome affects the twisted shape .
In post-Mendel experiments, it was found that genes do not completely dominate, and that genes interact differently. A gene tests a few characters, and sometimes between genes influence of several genes influence the emergence of a character.
The development of external traits and characteristics (phenotype) takes place through the interaction of several genes. 
As a result of gene interactions , the separation ratios observed in diduragay hybridization are disrupted and the following ratios are formed: 9: 7; 9: 3: 4; 12: 3: 1; 13: 3; 15: 1; and 9: 6: 1.
We now know the following types of gene interactions. 1.Complementary, 2.Epistasis, 3.Polymerism, 4.Poleytropy
Complementary interactions of genes
Under the complementary action of genes, two homozygous or heterozygous genes interact to form a new character. The combination of non-allelic genes in a genotype leading to the development of a new trait is called their complementary or complementary effect . The complementary effect of genes is observed in the crossbreeding of two white-flowered pea varieties. In this case, F ₁ hybrids have pink flowers, and in F ₂ generation there is a 9: 7 separation , or 7/16 plants with 9/16 pink flowers produce white flowers.
This confusion can be written as follows
AAbb x aaBB
gametes Ab aB
F ₁ AaBb pink flower
When F ₁ plants (AaBb) are self-pollinated, a second F ₂ generation is formed: 
AaBb x AaBb
gametes AB, Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, aB, ab
Table 7

Ota	Mother gametes
Gametes	AV	Av	aV	Av
AV	AAVV	AAVv	AaVV	AaVv
Av	AAVv	AAvv	AaVv	Aavv
Av	AaVV	AaVv	aaVV	aaVv
Av	AaVv	Aavv	aaVv	Aavv

The addition of these oocytes F ₂ generation 16 genotype dressing . Those with A and B (2 dominants) inside are pink, only one A or B gene and the recessive (aabb) gene part forms a white flower . In phenotype F ₂ generation 9 pink flowers: 7 arrow flowering plants are formed.
Genotype of pink flowering plants: 1-AAVV, 2-AaVV, 2-AAVb, 4-AaBb. Genotype of white flowering plants: 1-AAbb, 2-Aabb, 1-aaBB, 2-aaBb, 1-aabb.