Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION
FERGANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY - TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF "TECHNOLOGY OF STORAGE AND PRIMARY PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS"
"BIOLOGY"
to conduct laboratory classes on the subject
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
5410500 - " Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products " is designed for students

Fergana - 20 21
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION
FERGANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
"CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY"
faculty
“Agricultural products
storage and primary processing technology ”
chair
"BIOLOGY"
fanidan
5410500 - "Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products" for students of laboratory education
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
FarPI Methodological-Educational Council
approved by
Minutes of the meeting № ______
«__» __________ 2021 y.
Fergana - 2021
Guidelines for preparation of 'biological' guidelines on the subject of books, laboratory sessions, uslubnomalardan used. 
We hope that the provided methodological guide will be of great scientific and practical help to you in-depth study of this subject.
Reviewed and approved by the Scientific Methodological Council of the Faculty of Chemical Technology.
Minutes of the meeting № ___
“___” ________ 2021 y.
Considered and approved at the next meeting of the department "KXMT".
Minutes of the meeting № ___
“___” ________ 2021 y.
Developer: ass. G.Mamajonov
Reviewer: dots. X.Shodmonov
Introduction
The history of the development of genetics should be sought from experience, from life. Man has long known to mix plants and livestock and choose the best of them.
By selecting the best of the hybrid forms that are formed in the interbreeding of organisms , by satisfying their students to human agricultural products, they have undoubtedly bred animal breeds and plant varieties.
Genetics is derived from the Greek word “geneticos” - meaning birth, origin . He studies two characteristics of living organisms - heredity, variability.
As a result of variability, new traits and qualities emerge in organisms , heredity reinforces these traits in the joints, and natural selection creates adaptation to certain conditions.
The science of genetics teaches ways to manage the heredity and variability of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are necessary for humans . Like other sciences, it has its own methods of verification , which include the following.
1. Hybrid analysis method . This method is used to study the transfer of certain genetic traits of parent organisms to several generations of hybrids obtained by crossbreeding , the change of genes and their combination. This is the main method of genetic analysis .
2. Cytological method. The material basis of heredity is studied. This method serves to study the “anatomy” of heredity . Cell structure is studied mainly using light and electron microscopy. The combination of cytological and hybrid analysis methods is an independent cytogenetic method.
3. Ontogenetic method. The influence of genes and their occurrence in the individual development of organisms is studied. In this method, the effect of the gene can be varied: for example, the transfer of the nucleus of one cell to another is studied using methods such as grafting genetically different tissues.
4. Statistical method. Studies the statistical laws of hereditary variability of an organism . 
During sexual reproduction, a new generation is formed as a result of the merging of male (sperm) and female (egg) cells . The material basis of heredity is located in the germ cells, through which the offspring are interconnected. In the reproduction of an organism, certain traits are preserved in the offspring , and some change.
Variability is that generations differ from their ancestors by one or more traits . As a result, new varieties and breeds have emerged in nature.