Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

Analogous organs are understood to be similar in function, but different in origin. The thorns of the cactus are formed from the leaves, the thorns of the hawthorn are formed from the stem, the thorns of the rose, and the thorns of the raspberry are formed from the changes of the epidermal growths. Similarly, the eyes of vertebrates with the eyes of cephalopods are examples of analogous organs. This is because in mollusks the eye develops from an elongation of the ectoderm layer, in vertebrates from a lateral tumor of the brain.
Organs that have lost their significance in the evolutionary process and are in the process of extinction are called rudement organs . Rudement organs developed normally and functioned in ancient ancestors. Rudement organs are found in both plants and animals. For example, the bark on the rhizome of aspidistra from pearls, wheatgrass, ferns and houseplants is a rudemented leaf. The horse’s second and fourth toes, the whale’s humerus and foot bones, and a pair of small wings in flies are also rudement organs.
Paleontologists are reconstructing the appearance and structure of organisms in the same way as they were during their lifetime, based on the fossil remains of animals. The paleontological evidence gathered in the biological sciences makes it possible to form an idea of ​​what the animal and plant kingdoms were like in ancient times.
Evidence from the science of biogeography, which studies the location of animals and plants on Earth, is also important in proving the evolution of the organic universe. Depending on the terrestrial location of vertebrates, the land is divided into 6 zoogeographical regions. These are Paleoarctic (Europe, North Africa, North and Central Asia, Japan), Neoarctic (North America), Ethiopia (sub-Saharan Africa), Indochina (South Asia, Malay Archipelago), Neotropical (South and Central America), Australia (New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania). Although representatives of the type and class of animals are found on all continents, we can see great differences between them when comparing representatives of much smaller systematic groups — genus, family, generation, and species. The similarities and differences of the fauna of different zoogeographical regions are different. For example, the Paleoarctic and Neoarctic regions are divided into two by the Bering Strait.