Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

Sympathetic type formation. The new species is formed within the original range and coexists with the parent species for some time. Later, the fate of the mother species may be different, she may be driven out of the area where she lives, or she may be completely destroyed, and so on. Sympathetic species formation occurs in several ways. The first method is autopolyploidy. The phenomenon of polyplodia is of great importance in plant life. It is known that polyploid forms are common among plants living in extremely unfavorable conditions of nature. The importance of polyploidy in the process of species formation in plants is confirmed by the fact that now more than half of seeded plants are polyploid in nature. Many polyploids grow better than the primary forms, yield more, and are characterized by the size of their fruits. For this reason, polyploidy is widely used in genetics and selection work to create highly productive varieties of plants. Methods for the formation of polyploids by experiment are currently being developed.
Questions for self-examination.
1. What do you know about the development of the doctrine of the species?
2. What is the importance of species criteria in biology?
3. What are the main factors in the formation of the species?
4 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES
Aim of the work: To give students an idea of ​​the biosphere, the positive and negative effects of anthropogenesis on the biosphere, geological strata and the distribution of living organisms in geological strata.
Background : The concept of the biosphere was first introduced to science by the Austrian geologist E. Zeuss in order to determine the Earth's crust inhabited by living organisms.
The doctrine of the biosphere was created and developed by the Russian academician VI Vernadsky. The biosphere is part of the earth's crust, where living organisms live and constantly change under their influence. The biosphere is made up of living and dead components. The sum of all living organisms on our planet makes up the living matter of the biosphere. Living organisms are found mainly in the Earth's gaseous (atmospheric) liquid (hydrosphere) and solid (lithosphere) geological crusts. The vital activity of organisms has changed and is changing the atmosphere with the earth’s crust. The vegetative part of the biomass has purified the atmosphere from SO ₂ gas for billions of years and enriched it with O ₂ , causing limestone, coal, and C to accumulate in the oil. In the process of evolution, a separate shell, the sphere, inhabited by living organisms, formed on Earth.
The lithosphere (Greek litos - stone) is the outer hard crust of the earth. Its thickness reaches 50-200 km. The upper part of the lithosphere bottom of the crust of the earth and the earth mantle. The earth's crust is composed of sedimentary granite and basalt layers. In the upper part of the lithosphere, products necessary for man are grown. As the earth's crust is rich in many minerals, it also serves as a storage space for toxic wastes and many wastes from the nuclear and chemical industries. The hydrosphere is the aquifer of the Earth and includes permafrost, oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. The total area of ​​the planet, 510 million km sq of which 361 million km square that is 71% of the hydrosphere, and the remaining 149 million km sq of land. Life occurs in all parts of the hydrosphere, even in the deepest places up to 11 km.
The atmosphere altitude of 100 km. He is three-fold; troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere floor. Troposphere (the Greek Tron change) touch the earth underneath the lower ground floor, 16 km altitude, and the mass of the atmosphere about 80% of the total. Troposphere vertical and horizontal movements of the substances and compounds occurs due to precipitation. The troposphere contains 78 08 N, 20%, 95% O ₂ , 0.93%, 0.03% argon SO ₂ and a very small amount of neon, Helix, CH ₄ and others. Stratosphere (Latin-stratum layer) extending from an upper limit of 100 km altitude, where the air temperature 0 - 10 C heat. The earth was created through photosynthesis O ₂ in the stratosphere, the electric charge and the effect of ultraviolet rays O ₃ becomes. A portion of the ozone per million of the atmosphere. Ozone collected the most part of the 25 km altitude ozone layer, ultraviolet and cosmic rays has won organisms play an important role in the activities of life. 13% of the referral to the ground and the sun radiounesini the ozone layer absorbs. Stratosphere is located on the ionosphere, the ionized air. The structure of air rising up from the earth went 400-600 km altitude remains above Ne and the amount of N increases.
VI Vernadsky was the first to introduce the concept of "living matter" in science. The biomass of all living organisms is said to be the sum of living things. Living matter includes the biomass of plants, animals and microorganisms. The biomass of the earth is several hundred million tons, including 2 million species of animals and 500 million species of plants. The land biomass is 6.5 x 10 ¹² and the ocean biomass is 29.9 x 10 ⁹ tons. Ocean biomass is 200 times less than terrestrial biomass. There are 30 times more animals in the oceans than there are plants. On land, the flora (98-99%) outnumbers the fauna (1-2%). 93% of the fauna is terrestrial, 7% is aquatic, 92% is terrestrial and 8% is terrestrial. This means that the land is more favorable for the formation of new species than the aquatic environment.
Human impact on the biosphere since the Neolithic period. The first stages of human history, its effect was slight, it is the nature of what nature takes it back to nature. Slowly went to the severity of man's effect on nature. In the next 100 years of scientific and technical revolution as a result of human influence the severity of the biogenic migration of elements. This work is due to a variety of problems and natural resources is very low. This is due to loss of many plant and animal species. Growing human impact on the hydrosphere and atmosphere (in the factory, the factory of industrial waste) within the framework of the biosphere climate change. The atmospheric CO ₂ increase in "greenhouse" effect. This is the last 100 years the average temperature of the earth, 0.6 ⁰ C. Climate change is a growing area of desert steppes, mountains, glaciers, to go to a decrease in the surface waters of the oceans and seas. Nitrogen oxide and freonning II to a few years as a result of ozone depletion. (Freon - paints and varnish industry Jennies, as widely used as sovitgichlar and air conditioners). In recent years, the overall atmosphere of Antarctica, calling the result "ozone holes" to be sure that such tragic events are observed. Such a pity for the solution of the problem in Montreal, Canada in 1987, 50 representatives of the country freonlar agreed to reduce production by 50%. Scientists already allocated 100 million tons of pollutants each year into the atmosphere. Air N ₂ C rise would lead to an increase in acid rain. Acid rain damage to agricultural crops, the decrease in the yield of fruit trees, vineyards ill-year low that day remains one of the main reasons. M.Tursunzoda Tajikistan Aluminum factory in the city of Surkhandarya region, a sharp decline in the harvest of the popular anorzorlar, causes an increase in diseases in humans and animals. Chirchik of the republic and the cities of Navoiy chemical plants, emissions are harmful to the environment. The development of new agricultural land, the excessive increase in cotton fields leads to a fall in the water, such as rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr. As a result, the water do not reach the Aral Sea is completed. At present, the risk of environmental crisis humanity. If the necessary measures are not taken, may be unsuitable for many areas of life in the biosphere. Environmental protection has become one of the most pressing issues at this time. Nature boxcar to make rational, reasonable use of natural resources. Humans, by the effectiveness of the new technology, waste technology. As for the establishment of a closed cycle technologies. On the eve of declining or endangered plant and animal species included in the "Red Book". In 1971, for the purpose of conservation of international "Man and Biosphere" "My English and Biosphere" program. It also created a special program in the Republic of Uzbekistan within the framework of the program. "Man and Biosphere" program, the state of the environment and studies the human impact on the biosphere.