Technology of storage and primary processing of agricultural products

Self-examination questions
1. What do you know about the history of the development of biological science?
2. What is the importance of biological science in botany?
3. What is the importance of biological science in animal husbandry?
2 LABORATORY WORK.
Topic: Evidence for the Evolution of the Organic Universe
Purpose: To acquaint students with the evidence of embryological, anatomical, paleontological and biogeographic sciences in proving the evolution of the organic universe.
Background : All multicellular organisms begin their personal development with a fertilized egg cell- zygote. In all of them the division of the zygote is observed in the two-, three-layered state of the auricle, the formation of various organs from its leaves . The mutual similarity in the development of the embryo is especially noticeable when comparing animals of the same type and class. For example: From the class of vertebrates: fish, aquatic and terrestrial, reptiles, birds, mammals in the early stages of embryonic development have very similar jaw cracks near the head, body, tail, throat. As the embryo develops, the similarity between animals belonging to different classes decreases. Characteristics of this class, genus, family, generation and species of this animal begin to appear in them. For example, although the human embryo is initially similar to the gorilla, we can see that in later stages of embryonic development, the forehead in the human embryo and the jaw in the gorilla embryo bulge forward. As a result, in embryonic development, there is a separation from the generality of the characters to the specificity. 
The above evidence briefly repeats the development of each individual in his personal development - ontogenesis (Latin ontos-personal, genesis-development) , the history of the development of his species - phylogeny ( Greek pile-generation ). A brief repetition of phylogeny in ontogeny is called the Biogenetic Law . This law was discovered by German scientists E. Haeckel and F. Müller . The law of biogenetics is reflected in the whole plant and animal world. For example, the frog’s dog replicates the developmental stage of fish, the ancestors of aquatic and terrestrial creatures. In plants, cultivated cotton varieties sprouted from seeds, first with a single plate, then with two, three, four, five-lobed leaves. Wild cotton species raymond, all leaves on the stem of clotsianum consist of a single plate.
Hence, the historical development of wild ancestors is briefly repeated in the personal development of cultural cotton. But not all stages of the historical development of ancestral organisms in personal development, some are repeated, others fall. It is explained by the fact that the historical development of generations has lasted for millions of years, and personal development is very short-lived. Second, in ontogeny, the embryonic stages are returned, not the mature forms of the ancestors.
Anatomical evidence also plays an important role in the evidence for evolution. Organs that are similar in structure and origin, regardless of the function they perform, are called homologous organs . For example, in terrestrial and aerial representatives of vertebrates, the front foot performs the function of walking, digging, flying, swimming. But they all consist of the bones of the shoulder, wrist, elbow, palm, palm, and finger. Homologous organs are also found in plants. For example, pea pods, barberry, and cactus thorns are deformed leaves.