Tense degan atama bilan ifodalanadi. Macmillian English Dictionary for Advanced Learners lug'atida zamon, ya'ni tense

4) by koʻmakchisi badiiy va san'at asarlarida muallifni koʻrsatish uchun qoʻllaniladi.
a play by Shakespeare a novel by Tolstoy a painting by Rembrandt
5) by koʻmakchisi yonida degan ma'noda ham qoʻllaniladi.

Where is the light swicht? - By the door.
6) Miqdor va masofani bildirishda ham by koʻmakchisi -ga degan ma'noda qoʻllanishi mumkin:

Clare's salary has gone up from 1000 pounds a month to 1100 pounds. So it has been increased by
ten per cent.

Petrol is sold by the liter.
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144
I
NGLIZ TILIDAGI ASOSIY KO
ʻ
MAKCHILAR
Yuqorida koʻrsatib oʻtilgan universal koʻmakchilardan tashqari ingliz tilida boshqa joy, payt, bog'liqlik va
hakozolarni koʻrsatadigan koʻmakchilar mavjud va ularni alifbo tartibida jadval shaklida koʻrib chiqamiz:
about
1. haqida, oid
2. taxminan
3. har tarafda, hamma yoqda
4. deyarli

He often talks about his job.

It is about nine oʻclock.

Papers were scattered about the house.

She is about ready.
above
1. ustida, baland
2. yuqoridagi
3. -dan xoli, -ga qoʻli bormaydi

Her blood pressure is above normal.

Please see the instructions above.

He may be poor, but he is above stealing.
across
1. boʻylab
2. narigi tarafda
3. qarshisida

The girl ran across the yard.

My friend lives across the street.

My assistant's office is across from mine.
after
1. keyin
2. orqasidan
3. tufayli, sababli
4. uslubida
5. qaramasdan
6. davomiylikni bildirish uchun

The reception is after the wedding
ceremony.

The cat ran after the mouse.

He was mad at her after her behavior at
the party.

The school play was a drama after
Shakespeare.

They never got married, after dating for
years.

Life got harder year after year.
against
1. suyanib, urilib, tegib
2. qarshi

The man was leaning against his car.

Stealing is against the law.
ahead of
1. oldida

You are in a hurry; please go ahead of me.
along
1. boʻylab

We walked along the river last night.
among (st)
1. orasida
2. bir biri bilan, oʻrtalarida

They camped in the woods among the
trees.

The
children
quarreled
among
themselves.
apart from
1. –dan tashqari, aytmaganda

The room was empty apart from one
man seated beside the fire.
around
(round)
1. atrofidan, aylanib

We walked around the block.

The earth spins around on its axis as it
travels around the sun.
as
1. sifatida

She is a trained teacher, but she works as
a secretary in our office.
before
1. oldin (vaqt)
2. yuqori, ustun

We must leave before four oʻclock.

She is so ambitious that she puts her job
before her family.
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145
3. oldida (joy)
4. oldida (kelajak)
5. oldida (guvohligida)

The handsome singer had many adoring
fans before him.

The bride smiled as she thought of the
happiness before her.

I was told to appear before the judge.
behind
1. orqada (joy)
2. orqada (aqliy yoki rivojlanish)
3. oʻtmishda

My friend sits behind me in class.

Lesson four. Miss Thompson's class is
behind the other classes.

He is rich now; all his financial problems
are behind him.
below
1. past, quyida

The temperature is below zero.
beneath
1. tagida

My glasses were beneath the newspaper.
beside
1. yonida

Please come over here and sit beside me.
besides
1. -dan tashqari, bilan birga

Besides all of my friends, all of their
brothers and sisters are there, too.
between
1. orasida, oʻrtasida (ikkita odam
yoki narsa)

My neighbor and I built a fence between
our backyards.

You can have only one dessert, so please
decide between cake and ice cream.
beyond
1. narigi tarafida
2. imkoniyatdan tashqari

Our street is beyond the traffic light.

That situation is
beyond my
understanding.
close to
1. yaqin (joy)
2. yaqin (ruhiy)

Your house is close to the metro station.

She is very close to her older sister.
down
1. pastga (harakat)

The rocks rolled down the mountain.
except
1. -dan tashqari (hisobga olmay)

Everyone went to the movies except me.
far from
1. juda uzoqga, uzoqda
2. inkor ma'nosida

His sister moved far from home a long
time ago.

His wife is far from perfect. (not perfect)
for
1. uchun (atalganlik)
2. uchun (sabab)

I have a present for you.

He apologized for his absence.
from
1. -dan (joy, manba)
2. -dan (harakat fe'llari bilan
ajralish, uzoqlashishni bildiradi)
3. ayiruvni bildiradi

Tony is from Alabama

We get help from our neighbors.

We ran away from the building.

Three from nine equals six.
in back of
1. orqasida

There is a beautiful tree in back of our
house
in front of
1. oldida (joy)
2. oldida (kelajakda)

There is a van in front of their house.

She has a lot of problems in front of her.
inside
1. ichida

There are some little toy animals inside
the box.
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146
2. ichkariga

It started to rain, so we went inside.
instead of
1. oʻrniga

They went to Hawaii instead of South
America.
like
1. -dek, oʻxshab
2. misol uchun

He talks like his father.

They grow root vegetables, like beets,
carrots, radishes, and turnips.
near
1. yaqin (joy)

She lives near San Francisco.
next to
1. yonida

Her best friend sits next to her at the
table.
of
1. -ning (qaratqich kelishigi)
2. –dan/-ning (son bilan kelganda)

I have read all the pages of the book.

Three of the girls are our daughters.
off
1. -dan (harakat fe'li bilan kelib
ajralish, uzoqlashishni bildiradi)

They shoveled the snow off the driveway.

We got off the train in New Orleans.
onto
1. ustiga (harakat fe'li bilan)

The child hopped onto the bed.
opposite
1. qarama-qarshi, qarshisida

I sat opposite him at the library last
night.

My house is opposite the drugstore.
out
1. tashqariga (harakat fe'li bilan)
2. -ga (tarqatmoq va shunga
oʻxshash fe'llar bilan ishlatilganda)

Please take the trash out.

The teacher told me to hand these papers
out.
out of
1. tashqariga
2. tashqarida (yoʻq)

He was freezing when he got out of the
water.

The boss is out of the office.
outside
1. tashqarida

Don't worry, the dog is outside (of) the
house.
over
1. ustidan, ustida
2. yuqorida, baland
3. -dan oshiq
4. ustidan oshib (harakat fe'li)
5. narigi tarafda
6. davomida
7. ustida, haqida
8. yana

The plane flew over our building.

The water at this end of the pool is over
your head.

I have gained over five pounds this
month.

We had to climb over the mountain to get
here.

They live over the river.

They decided to read the papers over the
holidays.

I wish you wouldn't fight over money.

She didn't like my work; she told me to do
it over.
past
1. yonidan oʻtib, oʻtganda
2. oʻtgan (yosh, vaqt)

The gas station is on your left, just past
the shopping center.

His daughter is past her teens now.
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147
through
1. orqali, ichidan

The children drank their milkshakes
through straws.

The highway was closed, and we had to
come through the city.
throughout
1. hamma joyida
2. davomida (boshidan oxirigacha)

There are spiders throughout the
building.

She stays at the beach throughout the
summer.
toward(s)
1. -ga tomon (yoʻnalish)
2. -ga nisbatan (munosabat)
3. -ga qarab (payt)

She ran toward the playground to see her
friends.

She is very affectionate toward her
parents.

I always feel hungry towards dinnertime.
under
1. tagida
2. -dan past (yosh, son)
3. qoʻl ostida, nazoratda

We sat under the tree and had a picnic.

He has three children under age ten.

Under this boss we have little freedom to
express our own ideas.
underneath
1. tagida
2. yashirin

I found my jacket underneath the other
coats.

Underneath her smile there is a lot of
heartache.
up
1. tepaga, yuqoriga (harakat fe'li
bilan)

The cat climbed up the tree.
via
1. orqali

We flew home via Moscow.
with
1. bilan, hamkorlikda, aloqasi bor
2. bir vaqtda
3. -ga qaramasdan

She spent the weekend with us.

She writes with a pen.

He rises with the sun.

I love him with all his faults.
within
1. ichida, doirasida
2. ichida, oʻtmasdan (vaqt)
3. -dan kam (masofa)

Those schools are within the county
jurisdiction.

I will return within the hour.

There is a hospital within five miles of
the school.
without
1. -siz
2. qilmasdan (gerundiy)

I can't live without you.

She passed the test without studying.
Hamdam Atajanov

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148
I
LOVA
Quyida muallif tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan oʻziga xos uslubda koʻmakchi qatnashgan birikmalar keltirib
oʻtilgan. Roʻyxatdan foydalanishda quyidagi jihatlarga e'tibor berish lozim:
1) Roʻyxat ingliz alifbosi boʻyicha tuzilgan va asosiy soʻzlarni qidirganda alifbo tartibiga e'tibor berish lozim.
2) Asosiy soʻzdan keyin kelgan koʻmakchi qavsga olinmagan boʻlsa nutqda ham shunday tarzda
qoʻllaniladi. Roʻyxatda izlashda qulaylik uchun asosiy soʻz sifat, ot va boshqa soʻz turkumi boʻlsa, ular
oldidan keladigan fe'l olib tashlandi. Masalan:
afraid of - qoʻrqmoq birikmasida be fe'li izlashda qulaylik uchun olib tashlandi.
3) Asosiy soʻzdan keyin kelgan koʻmakchi qavsga olingan boʻlsa nutqda koʻmakchi asosiy soʻzdan oldin
qoʻllaniladi. Masalan:
accident (by) - tasodifan aslida by accident birikmasi sifatida nutqda qoʻllaniladi.
Yuqoridagi usulda yaratilgan roʻyxatning ustunligi shundaki, siz asosiy soʻz oldida, undan keyin qanday
koʻmakchi qoʻllanishini roʻyxatdan oson topa olasiz. DTM uslubidagi testlarda aynan asosiy soʻzlar soʻraladi.

There are no trains today. The railway workers are … strike. (asosiy soʻzimiz strike va undan oldin
nima kelishini roʻyxatdan qaraganda strike soʻzini topamiz va on koʻmakchisi qoʻllanishi kerakligini
koʻramiz.)

There are no trains today. The railway workers are on strike.