The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison

43. The semi-compound sentence.
The semi-compound sentence is semi-composite sentence built up on principle of coordination. from formal point of view, sentence possessing coordinated notional parts of immediately sentential reference is to be treated as semi-compound. But different structural types of syntactic coordination even of direct sentential reference display very different implications as regards semi-compounding composition of sentences. Substantially involved in expression of semi-compounding is combination of two subjects relating to one predicate when subjects are discontinuously positioned, so that first starts utterance, while second concludes it with some kind of process-referred introduction. However, if we turn our attention to genuine coordinations of predicates, both verbal and nominal, we shall immediately be convinced of each element of group presenting its own predicative centre relating to on sbject axis of sentence, thereby forming strictly compounding fusion of predicative lines expressed. This fact is so trivially clear that it does not seem to require special demonstration.
45. смотри 40
46. The adverbs.
The adverb is one of the parts of speech established in antiquity. In the grammar of English and other Indo-European languages, the adverb is a word denoting a non-substantive property, a feature which sets the adverb apart from the adjective which, as already known, denotes a substantive property, e.g. He wrote it badly, where badly denotes a property of the process expressed by wrote.
As to their structure, adverbs may be non-derived, or simple (e.g. here, there, now, then, so, quick, why, how, where, when, very, rather) and derived (e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards, away, ahead, apart, across). We can also distinguish composite forms and phrasal forms of the adverb: sometimes, nowhere, anyhow; at least, at most, at last, to and fro, upside down.
A prolific source of adverbs is the adjective: many -ly adverbs are transformationally related to respective adjectives.
Consider:
He liked Mary considerably.
He liked Mary to a considerable extent.
The suffix -ly is a typical marker of the adverb. However, many adverbs related to adjectives may not be necessarily used with the suffix -ly, e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close, loud, tight, firm, quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.
Special mention should be made of preposition-adverb like elements which form a semantic blend with verbs: to give up, to give out, to give away, to give over, etc; to set up, to set in, to set forth, to set down, etc.; to get on, to get off, to get through, to get about1, etc.
The verb-adverb combination goes by several names: two-part verbs, composite verbs, phrasal verbs. The verbs in such combinations are mostly one-syllable words; the most common adverbs are those denoting place, e.g. in, out, on, off, over, up, down, through, etc.