The biogas dilemma: An analysis on the social approval of large new plants
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Fig. 1. Analytical tool of circular economy .
Source: Zoboli et al., 2019 M. Mazzanti et al. Waste Management 133 (2021) 10–18 12 tight single or double membrane roof for storing the gas in the fermenter top before reactor use. This is an example of a costly technology allowing to the plants to minimize the smell in the neighbour area. The strategy is aslo in line with policy recommendations to do not seek to specify technology by authority ( Managi, et al., 2014 ) in waste man- agement in order to improve efficiency for fixed level of externalities. Notwithstanding their role in climate change mitigation strategies, the social acceptance of the construction of new renewable energy in- frastructures appears difficult to achieve because of the so-called NIMBY effect, especially those that have an high impact on the local socio- economic and natural environment, (e.g., Bell et al., 2005, Dan van der Horst, 2007, Warren et al., 2005 ). The construction of new plants for the production of biogas is emblematic: even if biogas is generally considered an environmentally friendly technique for the production of energy, such construction leads to protests based on the public opinion that opposes it ( Modica, 2017 ). In fact, a plant for the production of biogas promotes a series of complex and varied activities mainly derived from the reuse of waste, especially waste from agro-industry (e.g., manure, sewage from farms, vegetables and food residues) and/or industrial and municipal wastewater treat- ment plants. Furthermore, the biogas industry is able to use agricultural lands that otherwise would not be used for the operation of plants in a profitable way. Thus, the production of biogas promotes a series of new opportunities, especially for rural and inner areas, thereby producing positive externalities for the associated areas. Despite these positive elements, biogas production might produce protests in local communities because of the (real or perceived ( Clinch and Murphy, 2001 )) negative elements or social-environmental costs of biogas production activities. Three are the main recurrent issues depicted as negative elements: soil erosion due to increased exploitation of agricultural land ; potential groundwater pollution due to sewage production and air pollution due to the combustion of biomass ( Abbasi and Abbasi, 2000 ); effects of waste combustion ( Soland et al., 2013 ). The study of biogas social acceptance is thus relevant for the devel- opment of the biogas industry and essential for promoting the con- struction of new biogas plants. Indeed, the absence or presence of significant negative impacts on the involved actors (citizens, local as- sociations and institutions) certainly plays an important role in avoid- ing/reducing the need to design incentives for compensating households in relation to negative externalities. This paradigm is particularly true for Italy, which is one of the largest producers of biogas energy and where frequent demonstrations and public disagreements occurre regarding the construction of new plants (here: https://www.ilpescara.it/attualita/centrale-biogas-loreto-com itato-protesta.html , https://ilgranchio.it/2020/09/06/anzio-mias mi-alla-biogas-sabato-prossimo-alle-17-manifestazione-di-protes ta-alla-spadellata/ , https://www.ilmattino.it/salerno/biogas_a_sa rno_la_protesta_dei_cittadini_sos_a_procura_e_prefettura-5433144.html , some Italian newspaper articles, on demonstrations in opposition of new Biogas plants [accessed on 28th June 2021]). However, it is important to stress that local acceptance do not represent an additional assessment for improving energy production linked to proper waste management. Rather, citizens’ engagement is needed to implement a shift from centralized to decentralized energy production, which contrasts with previous energy production–distribution systems. Corsini et al. (2019) focused on the role of social engagement in the energy production de- cision as well as the knowledge of the biogas production process, which few research studies have investigated. Dobers (2019) indicated that biogas acceptability might depend on several spatial and local factors, such as place attachment and attitudes. Overall, public involvement might be a key point for the successful investment in biomass, such as in the case of the Energy Cooperative Company of Karditsa, a Greek pre- fecture where a partnership has been made among all residents for the production of energy and heat from biogas ( Corsini et al., 2019 ). Bottom up participation and social involvement links the conceptual realm of this paper to eco and social innovations, definable as “new ideas (products, services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relationships or collaborations. In other words, they are innovations that are both good for society and enhance society’s capacity to act. Social innovators are involved in the creation of social value often with the help of cross-sector partnerships and new roles that alter organisational boundaries” ( Kemp et al., 2019 ). This paper aims at analysing the effect of participatory process in order to improve the citizens’ knowledge on the production of energy through biogas plants and therefore providing policy guidelines for the improvement of the “acceptance” rate of people in relation to this green technology. The academic contribution of the paper with respect to previous studies is manifold. First, it presents an original dynamic perspective on the elicitation of people’s preferences trough repeated surveying, which are pretty uncommon in valuation studies. Second, it attempts to analyse preferences through inter-disciplinary lenses, con- necting economics & management dimensions with broader social sci- ences and environmental policy aspects. Third, it offers a pretty original quantitative lens with respect to the social acceptance of renewables, quantifying what the pros and cons of an action could be. Quantitative information complements qualitative studies to provide diversified in- puts for empirically based decision making and sound policy narratives at decentralised level. To the best of our knowledge, the socio-economic literature has Download 0.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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