The Classification of Words

4 Хаймович и др
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But what is more important, pronouns can be substituted «not only for nouns, but for other parts of speech as well. Traditionally, pronouns are divided into 'noun pronouns' and 'adjective pronouns'. In reality pronouns may also be used instead of numerals (Cf. twenty books — several books, many books) and adverbs (here, there, now, then). Using the prefix pro- in its meaning "instead of", we may, therefore, classify pronouns with regard to the parts of speech into pro-nouns, pro-adjectives, pro-numerals and pro-adverbs.
Thus, pronouns are a collection of words correlated with different parts of speech, which accounts for their not being united by any morphological categories or syntactical func­tions.
§ 141. Sometimes a pronoun is correlated with one part of speech only. But very often this is not so. In a part of speech, as we know, variants of the same lexeme may belong to different subclasses. The peculiarity of pronouns is that variants of the same lexeme may be correlated with different parts of speech. This in the sentence Is this the bike? (Saroyan) is a pro-noun, while in the sentence He gave me this bike? (Ib.) it is a pro-adjective. Here in He lives here is a pro-adverb, but in from here to Moscow it is a pro-noun.
§ 142. As pointed out by A. I. Smirnitsky ¹, the bounda­ries of pronouns and those parts of speech with which they are correlated are rather fluid. The word this in this bike may be regarded both as an adjective pronoun and as a pro­nominal adjective, the word here — as a pronominal adverb and as an adverbial pronoun.
The relative references of the words to-day, yesterday, to-morrow are somewhat akin to those of pronouns, yet they are not relative enough because the words denote definite units of time, days. Qf. now or then ².
It is no wonder, therefore, that there exist many words which are regarded as pronouns by some authors and as nouns or adjectives by others.
§ 143. Since pronouns form a class chiefly on the basis of their semantical peculiarities, it is but natural that the

¹ Op. cit, p. 195.
² А. И. С м и p н и ц к и и,
op. cit., p. 195.

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subdivision of pronouns into groups should be carried out on the same basis, though some grammatical peculiarities of each group are also taken into consideration. Pronouns may be divided into

1. 
   personal,
   
2. 
   possessive,
   
3. 
   reflexive,
   
4. 
   demonstrative,
   
5. 
   interrogative,
   
6. 
   connective,
   

7. 
   reciprocal,
   
8. 
   indefinite,
   
9. 
   negative,
   

10. 
    generalizing,
    
11. 
    quantitative,
    
12. 
    contrasting.
    

It must be borne in mind, however, that a pronoun may belong to more than one group at the same time. The pro­noun whose may be treated as interrogative (or connective) and possessive. The pronouns one, one's, oneself may be grouped together as indefinite personal, or they may be classified separately one as personal, one's as possessive, oneself as reflexive, etc.
Personal Pronouns