The Common European Framework in its political and educational context What is the Common European Framework?
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strategies in communicating and learning.
In so far as carrying out these tasks involves language activities, they necessitate the pro- cessing (through reception, production, interaction or mediation) of oral or written texts. The overall approach outlined above is distinctly action-oriented. It is centred on the relationship between, on the one hand, the agents’ use of strategies linked to their com- petences and how they perceive or imagine the situation to be and on the other, the task or tasks to be accomplished in a specific context under particular conditions. Thus someone who has to move a wardrobe (task) may try to push it, take it to pieces so as to carry it more easily and then reassemble it, call on outside labour or give up and convince himself or herself that it can wait until tomorrow, etc. (all strategies). Depending on the strategy adopted, the performance (or avoidance, postponement or redefinition) of the task may or may not involve a language activity and text processing (reading instructions for dismantling, making a telephone call, etc.). Similarly, a learner at school who has to translate a text from a foreign language (task) may look to see if a translation already exists, ask another learner to show what he or she has done, use a dic- tionary, try to work out some kind of meaning on the basis of the few words or structures he or she knows, think of a good excuse for not handing in this exercise, etc. (all possible strategies). For all the cases envisaged here there will necessarily be language activity and text processing (translation/mediation, verbal negotiation with a classmate, letter or verbal excuses to the teacher, etc.). The relationship between strategies, task and text depends on the nature of the task. This may be primarily language-related, i.e. it may require largely language activities and the strategies applied relate primarily to these language activities (e.g. reading and com- menting on a text, completing a ‘fill in the gaps’-type exercise, giving a lecture, taking notes during a presentation). It may include a language component, i.e. where language activities form only part of what is required and where the strategies applied relate also or primarily to other activities (e.g. cooking by following a recipe). It is possible to carry out many tasks without recourse to a language activity. In these cases, the activities involved are not necessarily language-related at all and the strategies applied relate to other types of activity. For instance, erecting a tent can be carried out in silence by several people who know what they are doing. They may perhaps engage in a few oral exchanges relating to technique, or they may at the same time hold a conversation having nothing Approach adopted 15 at all to do with the task, or they may carry out the task while one of them is humming a tune. The use of language becomes necessary when one of the group does not know what to do next, or when for some reason the established routine does not work. In this type of analysis communication strategies and learning strategies are but strat- egies among others, just as communicative tasks and learning tasks are but tasks among others. Similarly, ‘authentic’ texts or texts specially designed for teaching purposes, texts in textbooks or texts produced by learners are but texts among others. In the following chapters a detailed account is offered for each dimension and subcat- egory in turn, with examples and scaling where appropriate. Chapter 4 deals with the dimension of language use – what a language user or learner is required to do, whilst Chapter 5 deals with the competences that enable a language user to act. Download 5.68 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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