The English construction there from the point of view of communicative syntax

There is/there are

Content
syntax there translation impersonal

Introduction
1. English sentence syntax
1.1 The concept and subject of syntax
1.2 Topic-rhematic division of the sentence
2. Вводящая конструкция there
2.1 Cases of use of the construction there
2.2 Difficulties in translating and using the there is/are construction
2.3 Особенности перевода книги S.Sheldon «Rage of angels»
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction

Language and speech are the main source of information on the basis of which laws are established, as well as categories and forms of human thinking. In order to construct a statement expressing a certain thought, it is not enough to choose the appropriate words and pronounce them one by one. The selected words, or rather, the words selected by the speaker as the speech unfolds, must be connected to each other in a certain order and designed in the form of a single complex, purposefully included in the communication situation.

The relevance of the study of the structure of the modern English language is very high, since understanding the structure of a foreign language is one of the most important aspects in its study, because all languages are different in their morphological and syntactic structure. In the process of teaching any foreign language, one inevitably has to face numerous errors in oral and written speech, since it is very difficult for students to wean themselves from the stereotypes of their native language, which have developed on the basis of its structure and fully accept all the laws of the structure of the language being studied. And, throughout the entire time that this restructuring is going on, the student will make into his language, compare with it and comprehend the laws of the structure of the language being studied.
Purpose of the study
The objective of the study: the formation of students' scientific understanding of the formal and semantic structure of units and means that form the grammatical structure of the English language, their functioning in the text, the study of the latest methods of linguistic analysis related to the consideration of language phenomena within the framework of various modern linguistic teachings, such as the theory of speech acts, pragmatics, cognitive science, etc.

• 
  acquaintance with the peculiarities of the stylistic use of units of morphology and syntax, comprehension of the processes of interaction of grammatical and lexical factors;
  

1. English sentence syntax

1.1 The concept and subject of syntax

Often, the term "syntax" undifferentially denotes both the syntactic structure of the language itself, which exists outside and independently of our consciousness, and the doctrine of the syntactic structure of the language - a well-known section of the science of language (cf. "physiology" - science and "physiology" - physiological phenomena). In the construction of any science and the definition of its basic concepts, it is necessary to carefully distinguish, on the one hand, the subject itself, and on the other hand, the science of it.

It seems expedient, leaving the term "syntax" behind the corresponding section of linguistics, to designate the subject of this science by the term "syntactic structure", just as the subject of grammar is denoted by the term "grammatical structure".
There are a wide variety of syntax definitions; However, all of them, despite the fact that they do not coincide in certain particulars and details, quite clearly reveal the following two understandings of syntax: according to the first definition, syntax is the doctrine of a phrase, and according to the second definition, syntax is the doctrine of a sentence. However, none of these definitions, taken individually, is sufficiently complete. If we accept the first definition, then the question arises where one-word sentences should be attributed - such as Russian. "Fire!", "Stop!", "Evening"; Eng. Fire! Fire! etc.
In addition, it remains unclear what are the special qualities of those phrases that have the character of complete statements, and by what means such phrases are created. In exactly the same way, a number of phenomena of the syntactic structure of the language fall out of the field of view of the syntax if he is guided by the second definition of syntax. In fact, there are well-known rules for combining words in the language, regardless of whether the combinations created with the help of these rules are included in sentences or not: compare, for example, the rule according to which the Russian preposition "do" requires after itself the word form of the genitive, and not any other case. That is why the connection between the components of such English phrases as to look at him or the doctor's arrival arrival of the doctor is perfectly understandable, although these combinations are devoid of complete meaning and are not sentences, but only known fragments of speech.
Another example. In English, it is possible to combine a transitive verb with a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the object case) such as to read a book, read a book (or to see him, see it). Such a combination of words has a certain meaning, varying depending on the specific meaning of the words included in it, which consists in the fact that this phrase denotes a process together with the object to which this process is directed (process + its object). However, by itself, such a combination does not yet form a sentence, as can be easily seen from the following examples:
to read a book читать книгу
reading a book чтение книги
reading a book читающий книгу
(I) read a book (Я) читал книгу
Read a book! Read the book! etc.
Of the above phrases, only the last two are a sentence, although all of them use the same formula: transitive verb + noun in the general case. Thus, the rules for constructing a sentence as such stand out especially, and not only they are the subject of syntax; Certain segments of speech that are not sentences, but contain certain formulas for combining words, regardless of whether these latter are introduced into a complete sentence, are also subject to syntactic study.
From the foregoing, it follows that as the subject of syntax, it is necessary to distinguish both sentences as such and combinations of words that make up sentences; Neither one nor the other, taken separately, constitutes the subject of syntax as a whole. Thus, syntax is a science that studies both the rules for combining words and the rules for constructing sentences from these combinations.

1.2 Topic-rhematic division of the sentence

Within the framework of communication theory, it is more appropriate to talk not about a sentence, but about a statement. However, the term "sentence" in the broadest and most neutral sense, in which it covers both linguistic (in particular, structural-semantic) and speech (in particular, functional-pragmatic) phenomena, is acceptable for describing the phenomena of communicative syntax.

The communicative status of a sentence is usually considered as related mainly to its three parameters: the grammatical category of the person, the actual division and the communicative type. Indeed, each of them is directly related to the communication process as a speech interaction of two or more persons. Let us consider in more detail the actual division of the sentence, also called the functional perspective of the sentence, or the topic-rhematic division of the sentence and its significance.
According to the concept of actual division, any sentence from a communicative point of view is divided into a thematic part (topic, topic, given) and a rhematic part (rhema, commentary, new).