The enlightenment in england plan 1 The Renaissance. W

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN ENGLAND
PLAN
1 The Renaissance. W
2 English Enlightenment. The birth of the English novel, its development. D. Defoe, J. Swift.
3 The Mature and Late Enlightenment.

In 1485 the War of the White & Red Roses ended with the victory of Henry Tudor over Richard II. The new king Henry VII tried to put down the resistance of the feudals & to unite the country under his power. And his son Henry VIII and his granddaughter Elizabeth I completed this process of the centralization of royal power. So, by the end of the 16th century an absolute monarchy was established in England. But the reign of these monarchs was full of political intrigues & riots. The 16th century was also the time of Reformation. And a number of Protestant churches appeared in various countries. It was Henry VIII who broke with the Pope of Rome & declared himself Head of the Anglican Church. After Henry VIII was queen Mary. Mary's reign was terrible for England.The 16th century was the time of flourishing of poetry and drama. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 -1542) and the Earl of Surrey (1517 - 1547) are often mentioned together, but there are many differences in their work. Both wrote sonnets, which they learned to do from the Italians; but it was Wyatt who first brought the sonnet to England. The Elizabethan age produced a surprising flow of lyrics. Lyric poetry gives expression to the poet's own thoughts and feelings. Sidney's book of sonnets "Astrophel and Stella" was printed in 1591 after his death. Christopher Marlowe, the famous dramatist, was also a fine lyric writer.

The chief literary glory of the great Elizabethan Age was its d r a m a. The real drama of the period starts with the literary work of the dramatists who are often called "University Wits": John Lyly (Джон Лили); Robert Green (Роберт Грин); Thomas Kyd (Томас Кид); Christopher Marlowe (Кристофер Марло) The 18" century saw Great Britain's rapid growing into a strong capitalist country industry was developing intensively, small towns were turning into large cities, new plants, factories and mills were appearing; new machinery was invented, etc. After the English Bourgeois Revolution the class of bourgeoisie obtained much more political power. The 18 century also saw the developing of culture and science: Isaac Newton was making his discoveries; In this period the English painting was developing too, and the English portrait painting reached its heights in the works of William Hogarth The epoch of the I8lh century is usually called the epoch of Enlightenment or the Augustus Age The central philosophical problem of the Enlightenment was the problem of m a n and his nature The Enlighteners believed in reason And sometimes this epoch is even called the A g e о f Reason Besides the Enlighteners (unlike the Christian moralists of the Middle Ages) believed in man's inborn goodness and rejected the original sin. The English Enlighteners can be divided into the following groups, according to their political views: moderates, who spoke in defense of the existing order and thought that a few reforms were enough to improve the situation in the country (Daniel Defoe, Joseph Addison, Richard Steel, Samuel Richardson); radicals who wanted more democracy in the running of the country and defended the interests of the exploited masses (Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Oliver Goldsmith, Richard В Sheridan The genre of realistic didactic novel was born and was the most popular genre. It was repres by the works of Samuel Richardson,Tobias Smollet and Henry Fielding.Samuel Richar-dson is considered to be the creator of the family psycologic novel. Among his most famous are:
“Pamela; or Vertiew rewarded”. This book was written when the author was already 50 years old. This novel was written in the form of letters-epistle form. Fielding.His anonymously-published The Female Husband .His greatest work was Tom Jones, a meticulo-usly constructed picaresque novel. Fielding never stopped writing political satire.His Tragedy of Tragedies of Tom Thumb was, for example, quite successful as a printed play. He also contributed a number of works to journals of the day. Henry Fielding had combined the satirical portrayal of contempo-rary manners with elaborate and carefully worked-out plots. Lauren-ce Sterne, however, published the single most idiosyncratic novel of the century, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy. Sterne's irascibility and bawdy humor were well known to his congregations and to the English public.