The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Szathmáry and Maynard Smith 1995, 231)
Representative of the latter view is philosopher Paul Griffiths: It is conventional wisdom that insofar as the traits of an organism are subject to biological explanation, those traits express information coded in the organisms’ genes. … I will argue, however, that the only truth reflected in the conventional view is that there is a genetic code by which the sequence of DNA bases in the coding regions of a gene corresponds to the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of one or more proteins. The rest of “information talk” in biology, and the claim that biology “is, itself, an information technology,” is on a par with the claim that the planets compute their orbits around the sun or that the 6.2 information theory and biology 169 economy computes an efficient distribution of goods and resources. It is a way to talk about correlation that, in some cases, allows a useful application of the mathematical theory of communication and in others plays no theoretical role but merely reflects the current cultural prominence of information technology. (Griffiths 2001, 395) The proper role of information talk in biology remains a rich source of discussion among biologists and philosophers to this day. Peruse the relevant academic journals, and you will note a steady accumulation of articles on the subject. Scholars occasionally propose new ways of conceiving of information in biology, and these proposals are inevitably criticized by other scholars. For our purposes, a minimal takeaway from this body of litera- ture is this: If you want to discuss biological information, especially if you are going to argue that there is something about it that utterly confounds a successful, long-standing, scientific theory, then it is essential that you be crystal clear about what you mean by “infor- mation.” I have emphasized Shannon’s view of information because that is the version that is used most commonly. Mathematicians and biologists have also developed other ways of measuring information, and they have their uses in various contexts. For this reason, when discussing questions about the information content of genomes, it is essential to explain precisely what you mean by “information,” as well as how you intend to measure it. The conventional view among scientists is that it is fine to discuss information in the everyday sense, which typically involves notions of meaning and purpose, but then you must abandon any hope of a precise, mathematical treatment. Alternatively, you can devise a precise mathematical treatment, but only if you ignore the aspects of meaning and purpose so important to our everyday understanding. We shall see that anti-evolutionists routinely elide that distinc- tion, and this makes their arguments entirely unconvincing. 170 6 information and combinatorial search 6.3 how evolution increases genetic information Aficionados of evolution/creation disputes might recall a certain incident from 1997. In an article written after the fact, biologist Richard Dawkins offered this description of what occurred: In September 1997, I allowed an Australian film crew into my house in Oxford without realizing that their purpose was creationist propaganda. In the course of a suspiciously amateurish interview, they issued a truculent challenge to me to ‘give an example of a genetic mutation or an evolutionary process which can be seen to increase the information in the genome’. It is the kind of question only a creationist would ask in that way, and it was at this point I tumbled to the fact that I had been duped into granting an interview with creationists – a thing I normally don’t do, for good reasons. (Dawkins 2003, 91) In light of our discussion in Section 6.2, you can see why Dawkins reacted as he did to that question. It is impossible to give a short answer to it of the sort that might be appropriate for an interview in a documentary. Instead, you first have to explain clearly what information is and how you intend to measure it, both of which are tricky questions. How will we know that some process has “increased” genomic information unless we can quantify the amount of information both before and after the process in question? We will answer the filmmaker’s question in this section, but first there are some other issues to address. For instance, we might wonder why anti-evolutionists take any interest in information at all. Why do they think there is something about it that presents a point of attack against evolution? Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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