The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Ferrada and Wagner 2010, 1)
Moreover, in some cases evolutionarily accessible paths are known to exist to transition from one fold to another. In a discussion of recent work in this area, biochemist Todd O. Yeates writes: Various mechanisms by which proteins might undergo evolutionary transitions from one fold to another have been categorized based on structural comparisons of divergent protein families. In addition, in a few cases significant transitions in structure have been demonstrated following one or a few amino acid mutations in a protein sequence. (Yeates 2007, R48) 190 6 information and combinatorial search And from later in the same article: The growing evidence for structural plasticity and intrinsic disorder in proteins also supports the notion that many proteins are able to sample a range of different three-dimensional conformations in the cell. This would critically enhance the likelihood of evolving stable new protein folds. … Landscape models may also be useful in understanding how protein folds are related to the entire space of possible protein sequences. Experiments … on bridge-states between different protein folds should help illuminate the nature of that landscape. One idea that emerges from such a landscape view is that the well-established degeneracy between protein sequence and protein structure may be important in making transitions between different folds possible. In any given protein fold, the identities of some amino acids are important, while a great deal of sequence variability is permitted in other positions. This general property implies the existence of broad wells in sequence space around any given fold. This would be an essential feature for enabling evolutionary transitions between different protein folds. (Yeates 2007, R49) There has also been extensive mathematical modeling of pro- tein evolution, with the consistent finding that explorations of the space through known mechanisms is entirely feasible. An example is a 2005 paper by biologist Michael Lynch (note that Lynch was specifically replying to work by ID proponents Michael Behe and David Snoke): [T]he conclusions derived from the current study are based on a model that is quite restrictive with respect to the requirements for the establishment of new protein functions, and this very likely led to order-of-magnitude underestimates of the rate of origin of new gene functions following duplication. Yet, the probabilities of neofunctionalization reported here are already much greater than 6.7 dawkins’ weasel experiments 191 those suggested by Behe and Snoke. Thus, it is clear that conventional population-genetic principles embedded within a Darwinian framework of descent with modification are fully adequate to explain the origin of complex protein functions. (Lynch 2005, 2224) These are just a few items from the research literature, chosen, frankly, because the authors happened to provide easily quotable nuggets that are directly on point relative to the concerns of this section. It would be trivial to produce hundreds, even thousands, more examples, all pointing to the same general conclusion: that the geometric structure of protein space is such as to allow extensive exploration through standard evolutionary mechanisms. Presented opposite this litany of evidence, Axe’s experiments do not add up to very much. Let me close this section by observing that this debate is not entirely academic. Insights gained from the study of molecular evolution have already contributed to advances in medicine. Biologist Stephen Stearns writes: Information on molecular evolution has contributed decisively to some of the most exciting insights of evolutionary medicine: phage therapy, cancer biology, parasite manipulations of the immune system, human reproductive biology, and pathogen outbreaks. Its contributions are far from exhausted. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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