The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Orgel 1973, 189)
Biologist Richard Dawkins and physicist Paul Davies have also used the concept in their writing. These authors were all using “specified complexity” in a track one sense. As a casual way of saying that living things are not just complex, but also embody independently-specifiable patterns, there is nothing wrong with the concept. However, the ID proponents claim to have developed a mathematically rigorous form of the concept, that this work constitutes a genuine contribution to science, and that they can use their work to prove that organisms are the result of intelligent design. It is these claims that are problematic, to put it politely, for reasons we have already discussed. For a readable discussion of the “lady tasting tea” experiment, as well as for discussions of other important moments in the history of statistics, try the book by Salsburg (2001). In a paper published a few years after the book No Free Lunch, Dembski elaborated on his approach to specification. There is nothing in this paper that mitigates the force of the issues I raised in Section 5.7. However, he does suggest, almost in passing, “bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller” as a possible specification of the flagellum (Dembski 2005, 18). Since we would only come up with this phrase by looking at the flagellum itself, it is plainly not a detachable specification in the sense required by his framework. In other words, this phrase is just a rough description of how the modern flagellum is seen to operate, as opposed to a pattern that can be described independently from any knowledge of how modern bacteria move around. 162 5 probability theory With regard to Behe’s The Edge of Evolution, I quoted the reviews by Kenneth Miller (2007) and Nicholas Matzke (2007). A third review by biologist Sean Carroll (2007) also raises many salient problems with Behe’s calculations. In particular, all three reviewers point to concrete instances where the sort of protein evolution Behe claims to be impossible is actually seen to occur. Behe (2020), published by the Discovery Institute (an advocacy group that promotes intelligent design), is an anthology of Behe’s responses to his various critics, though I am sure you will be unsurprised to learn that I do not believe he has responded effectively. For me the main point is that the research on protein evolution cited by people like Carroll, Matzke, and Miller show how difficult it is to justify a statement that protein space is structured in a way that makes cumulative selection impossible. An online posting by biochemist Laurence Moran (2020) gathers together his own replies to Behe’s book, and provides numerous links to other discussions related to it. Moran emphasizes a further difficulty with Behe’s argument that I did not emphasize in my discussion. Specifically, Moran stresses the importance of neutral or nearly-neutral mutations in evolution. The point is that the intermediate stages on the way to some modern protein complex could well have been neutral, as opposed to beneficial, and this dramatically increases the number of mutational routes to the modern structure. Moran’s points are well taken. They further emphasize the sheer impossibility of comprehending the geometric and probabilistic structures of protein space in sufficient detail to make mathematical pronouncements about what is possible and what is not. |
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