The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Sarkar 2007, 89)
In light of these considerations, you can understand why David Wolpert, one of the researchers who first formulated the theorems, expressed some exasperation with Dembski’s argument. In the follow- ing excerpt, Wolpert refers back to some remarks about philosophy made earlier in his review, the details of which are unimportant to the present discussion: [D]espite his invoking the NFL theorems, his arguments are fatally informal and imprecise. Like monographs on any philosophical topic in the first category, Dembski’s is written in jello. There simply is not enough that is firm in his text, not sufficient precision of formulation, to allow one to declare unambiguously ‘right’ or ‘wrong.’ … The values of the factors arising in the NFL theorems are never properly specified in his analysis. … [T]hroughout there is a marked elision of the formal details of the biological processes under consideration. Perhaps the most glaring example of this is that neo-Darwinian evolution of ecosystems does not involve a set of genomes all searching the same, fixed fitness function, the situation considered by the NFL theorems. Rather it is a co-evolutionary process. Roughly speaking, as each genome changes from one generation to the next, it modifies the surfaces that the other genomes are searching. And recent results indicate that NFL results do not hold in co-evolution. (Wolpert 2002) These are salient points, and they certainly suggest that the NFL theorems have little relevance to assessing questions about evolution. Many critics of Dembski’s writing have raised issues along these lines, and I will refer you to some of them in Section 6.11. However, 202 6 information and combinatorial search in my view there is an even more serious problem with Dembski’s argument, one that has not received sufficient attention. For the sake of argument, let us assume that the NFL theorems do, indeed, apply to biological evolution. Assessing natural selection’s creative abilities requires that we evaluate the efficacy of a particular algorithm acting on a specific problem. NFL addresses only average performance over all possible problems. It therefore offers no rea- son to believe that selection cannot construct complex adaptations. However, NFL might suggest that selection’s ability to ascend the fitness landscapes it actually confronts implies its inability to scale the different landscapes that no doubt exist in some alternate reality. Mutation and recombination, viewed as algorithms for searching genotype space, will be effective only when the landscapes they confront possess certain properties. This makes it reasonable to ask why nature presents us with just the sorts of landscapes that are searched effectively by these mechanisms. Dembski’s answer is that natural selection acts effectively only because CSI was front-loaded into the biosphere. This information is encoded in the fundamental constants of the universe. Physicists have noticed that if you imagine changing the values of certain constants – such as the ratio of the mass of a proton to the mass of an electron or the so-called cosmological constant – in isolation from the others, then the result is a universe that cannot sustain life. This phenomenon is referred to as “fine-tuning.” Dembski now writes: For starters, [the collection of DNA-based self-replicating cellular organisms] had better be nonempty, and that presupposes raw materials like carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Such raw materials, however, presuppose star formation, and star formation in turn presupposes the fine-tuning of cosmological constants. Thus, for f to be the type of fitness function that allows Darwin’s theory to flourish presupposes all the anthropic principles and cosmological fine-tuning that lead many physicists to see design in the universe. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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