The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
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Minor Road Minor Road Farm with llamas STOP Highway Minor Road Minor Road Farm with llamas STOP figure 2.1 (left) A sensible arrangement of roads of the sort a civil engineer would devise. (Right) An absurd and potentially dangerous arrangement that only makes sense when you understand the historical events leading up to it. always had lots of fast-moving traffic, and because a slight bend in the road made it difficult to see what was coming. Unsurprisingly, crashes were common at that intersection. The arrangement is shown in Figure 2.1. I asked my father why the roads were designed that way. Even at ten I understood that it made more sense for the roads to be laid out like a plus sign, so that we could go straight through. My father smiled and explained that no one had designed this arrangement of roads. What actually happened was this: The major highway had been built at a time when the surrounding land was largely undeveloped. Gradually, separate towns arose on either side of it. As the towns grew, each decided independently that it needed a connection to the highway. So each built its own connection, and that is why the roads did not line up. These examples perfectly represent the essential distinction between intelligent design and evolution. Viewed as the product of intelligent design, the arrangement of pipes in my house or the 2.4 the complex structures argument 33 arrangement of roads on that drive with my father seemed ridiculous. But viewed as the outcome of a long historical process, everything made sense. Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould coined the phrase “the senseless signs of history” to make the same point. Elaborating, he wrote: [I]deal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution – paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce. (Gould 1980, 20–21) Anthropologist Alan Rogers explains the point well. Using the analogy of a gardener whose water hose has become hooked around a tree, he writes: As our ancestors evolved from fish into amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, their bodies changed enormously in size and shape. This required corresponding changes in the various tubes and wires – arteries, veins, nerves, and so on – that run throughout our bodies. In many cases these tubes became stretched around some obstacle, confronting selection with a dilemma like that of the gardener …. All too often, it failed to do the sensible thing. Rather than walking back around the tree, selection got another length of hose. (Rogers 2011, 54) Rogers illustrates this with two examples. The first is the vas deferens in human males, which carries sperm from the testis to the penis. This tube is far longer than it needs to be because it is hooked over the ureter, which connects the kidneys to the bladder. As Rogers notes, “It works, but it is not something an engineer would be proud of.” (Rogers 2011, 56) His second example is the recurrent laryngeal nerve. His description is worth quoting at length. Referring to a certain arrangement of nerves and arteries in fish, he writes: 34 2 evolution basics In the nerves of a fish, this leads to a simple wiring diagram. In ours, it leads to a tangle that generations of anatomy students have learned to dread. … [The recurrent laryngeal nerve] starts in the head, travels down to the chest where it loops around an artery, and then travels back up to the throat. In humans, it ends up only a few inches from where it started. … In fish, the nerve and artery both feed the rearmost gill arch. Over time, the artery descended into the chest, and the nerve went with it. In giraffes, the nerve is 20 feet long, yet the direct route is only a foot. Engineers get fired for this sort of thing. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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