The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Axe 2016, 77)
As we noted in Section 2.4, appealing to design constraints will not help the anti-evolutionists. The construction of the vas deferens or the recurrent laryngeal nerve is tantamount to placing a lamp right next to a wall outlet, and then attaching a hundred-foot extension cord before plugging it in. Do you really need a degree in engineering to understand why that is a bad idea? Complex adaptations are 56 2 evolution basics invariably jury-rigged and cobbled together from available parts, precisely as they would need to be for natural selection to be a viable hypothesis. Appealing vaguely to design constraints is not a serious response to this evidence. Nor is it a serious response to protest that we cannot know the motives of the designer, who might have had inscrutable reasons of his own for designing things as he did. A design hypothesis can always be salvaged by this move, which is one reason biologists do not see design as a helpful concept in their work. The roads in Figure 2.1 might have been designed by a sadistic engineer who specifically wanted there to be crashes at that intersection, and the inefficient arrangement of pipes in my house might have been designed by an engineer who just wanted to use up some extra pipes he had lying around. These possibilities in no way mitigate the force of our argument. We are not claiming that bad design implies no design. Rather, we are making two separate claims. One is that weird kludges and inefficient design are the expected result of evolution by natural selection, which builds complexity by clumsily modifying existing structures. The other is that when human engineers design a system with a purpose in mind, they specifically try to avoid kludges and inefficiency. Therefore, when we observe that kludges and inefficiency are ubiquitous among biological adaptations, we should see that as strong evidence for evolution and against design. The principles of “evolutionary game theory” have been laid out many times. The classic book by Maynard Smith (1982) remains relevant. The more recent book by Barash (2003) is a nontechnical overview of game theory, though only certain parts of the book are specifically about applications to biology. The anthology edited by Dugatkin and Reeve (1998) and the recent survey by McNamara and Leimer (2020) are representative of professional work in this area. As mentioned in this chapter, the tremendous success of game theory models in ethology is yet another line of evidence for evolution. The underlying mathematical models specifically assume the animal behaviors under investigation evolved by natural selection. I mentioned applications of game theory in ethology, in the study of animal behavior. Game theory has also been applied successfully in 2.7 notes and further reading 57 the study of plant ecology. The paper by McNickle and Dybzinski (2013) is one of many references. For discussions of the myriad ways evolutionary thinking routinely leads to progress in the daily work of scientists, I recommend the anthologies edited by Losos (2011) and Losos and Lenski (2016). For applications of evolution to medicine, have a look at Taylor (2015). This is a book about evolution, which is separate from the origin of life. Evolution makes it possible to explain how a relatively simple sort of life billions of years ago can eventually transform into a very complex sort of life. This is no small accomplishment. However, evolution presupposes the existence of some sort of life, and therefore cannot be used to explain how life originated from nonlife. You will need a different theory to explain that, and that theory will have more to do with physics and chemistry than with biology. Anti-evolutionists often direct their fire at various theories for the origin of life, sometimes using essentially the same mathematical arguments they use against evolution. We will not discuss those arguments in this book, except to note that they are no more successful against the origin of life than they are against evolution. There is much that is unknown about the origin of life because it was a one-off event that happened billions of years ago under environmental conditions that were wildly different from anything we find today. But it is not completely mysterious either, with many partial results and numerous viable theories. For recent, accessible writing on this question, have a look at the books by Lane (2015), England (2020), and Prothero (2020, ch. 17). |
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