The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Kitcher 2007, 88)
The story is a fantasy because cooption of function is a com- monplace of evolution, as we have noted. In other words, finding the stepping-stones to an irreducibly complex structure does not involve producing one new protein after another, but instead, in large measure, involves repurposing already-existing proteins to new functions. Now, even if these replies were just so much armchair theo- rizing, they would still be sufficient to refute Behe’s argument. He put forth an in-principle argument: If a system has a certain inter- dependence of parts then it could not evolve gradually. It is therefore 2.5 irreducible complexity 45 appropriate to offer an in-principle reply: Your claim is incorrect. Here are some ways such a system could arise through evolution. However, as it happens, the issues I raised in the last few paragraphs were pointed out to Behe in numerous reviews right after the publication of his book. Evolutionary biologists had no diffi- culty thinking up abstract scenarios to explain irreducible complexity because they had numerous concrete biological examples to point to. We saw some of them in Section 2.4. For example, the evolution of the three bones of the mammalian inner ear involved a loss of redundancy in reptilian precursor systems, and Darwin’s orchids show the possibilities of modifying pre-existing structures in tandem and of the cooption of function of pre-existing parts. Biologists can provide plausible scenarios for numerous other such systems as well. The general sorts of mechanisms through which evolution crafts com- plex structures are well understood, and, as we have discussed, there is substantial circumstantial evidence to show how these mechanisms have played out in practice. In short, scientists responded to Behe by saying, effectively, “Irreducible complexity in the present tells us nothing at all about functional precursors in the past because there are many ways for an interdependence of parts to arise gradually. Moreover, there are many specific ‘irreducibly complex’ systems where we have very strong evidence to show us what the stepping-stones actually were.” For evolutionary biologists, there was nothing remotely new in Behe’s argument. Darwin himself already recognized the importance of the removal of redundancy in forming complex structures: We should be extremely cautious in concluding that an organ could not have been formed by transitional gradations of some kind. Numerous cases could be given amongst the lower animals of the same organ performing at the same time wholly distinct functions … In such cases natural selection might easily specialise, if any advantage were thus gained, a part or organ, which had performed two functions for one function alone, and 46 2 evolution basics thus wholly change its nature by insensible steps. Two distinct organs sometimes perform simultaneously the same function in the same individual … In these cases, one of the two organs might with ease be modified and perfected so as to perform all the work by itself, being aided during the process of modification by the other organ; and then this other organ might be modified for some other quite distinct purpose, or be quite obliterated. (Darwin 1859, 220) Darwin was hardly the only one to notice. In 1918, biologist H. J. Muller, a future Nobel laureate, wrote: [T]hus a complicated machine was gradually built up whose effective working was dependent upon the interlocking action of very numerous different elementary parts or factors and many of Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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