The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(McIntosh 2009, 375)
Claims of this sort are ubiquitous in anti-evolutionist writing. McIntosh has framed his argument in the language of thermodynam- ics, which is the subject of Chapter 7, but the claim that muta- tions always degrade information is standard in anti-evolutionary discourse. Biologists regard this claim as bizarre. It is logically impossible for all mutations to degrade information because mutations can reverse themselves. If the mutation from A to B represents a loss of information with respect to some measure, then it would seem that the reverse mutation from B back to A would have to be a gain of information. Moreover, we have seen that the existence of beneficial 178 6 information and combinatorial search mutations is a simple empirical fact, and gene duplication adequately explains how it is possible to increase the size of the genome. There is another peculiar aspect to McIntosh’s argument. The question of whether complex biological adaptations can evolve in a stepwise manner does not seem to have anything at all to do with information or thermodynamics. Instead, it has to do with the structure of the adaptation itself. Either the adaptation can be broken down into small mutational steps or it cannot. Evolutionists say that all adaptations studied to date can be so broken down while anti- evolutionists deny this, but for the moment the only point is that this dispute has nothing at all to do with information or thermodynamics. At this point we might wonder if McIntosh is using some idiosyncratic notion of how to measure information. Indeed, shortly after the previous quote he presents his own view of how we ought to conceive of information (note that he had previously defined a “machine” to be “a functional device which uses energy”): Under this approach we can now go further to define information very specifically. We propose the following definition: Definition: Information is not created by purely material processes and carries (in coded form or otherwise) an intelligence. But though information is not matter and not energy, it nevertheless always has an effect on the local thermodynamics of any working system . We thus propose the following: Proposition: Where information interacts with matter, it always use a machine. (McIntosh 2009, 378) Vague definitions of this sort are also common in anti- evolutionist literature, which is why I emphasized the need to be crystal clear about your intentions when discussing this topic. A mathematician would protest that not only has McIntosh not defined information “very specifically,” but in fact he has not provided any coherent definition at all. He has made an assertion about how 6.5 is dna comparable to human language? 179 information is created, but his proposed definition tells us nothing about what information is or how we measure it. It is likewise unclear what it could mean to say that information, which is said to be created by nonmaterial means, can nonetheless interact with matter. As we saw in Section 3.2, formal mathematics is usually pre- sented in the form of rigorous definitions followed by propositions or theorems, which are then proved with meticulous logic. McIntosh has imitated some of the form of mathematical writing, but his arguments are fatally imprecise, and he certainly has provided no reason for thinking genetic information cannot increase through the standard mechanisms. 6.5 is dna comparable to human language? Perhaps the problem is not that the genome contains information per se, but rather that it contains symbolically-encoded information. Many human languages employ an alphabet out of which meaningful words are formed. This is in some way analogous to the way triplets of DNA “letters” can be seen as encoding information about proteins. Just as human alphabets and languages are indicative of intelligent design, we might argue by analogy that DNA must likewise be the product of design. One advocate of this view is engineer Werner Gitt, who endorses young-Earth creationism. In his book In the Beginning Was Information, he put forth a series of alleged theorems about information that are meant to prove that evolution cannot account for its growth over time. He lays out the plan of the book like this: Since the concept of information is so complex that it cannot be defined in one statement, we will proceed as follows: We will formulate various special theorems which will gradually reveal more information about the “nature” of information until we eventually arrive at a precise definition. (Gitt 2001, 45) Let us consider some representative theorems. He writes (in the quotes that follow, all emphases are in the original): 180 6 information and combinatorial search It should now be clear that information, being a fundamental entity, cannot be a property of matter, and its origin cannot be explained in terms of material processes. We therefore formulate the following fundamental theorem: Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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