The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Maynard Smith 1992, 772)
A more recent experiment employed a more sophisticated envi- ronment known as “Avida.” In results published in 2003, researchers 210 6 information and combinatorial search Richard Lenski, Charles Ofria, Robert Pennock, and Christoph Adami reported that complex functions were seen to originate by cumulative selection, precisely as biologists say happened in nature. From the abstract of their article: A long-standing challenge to evolutionary theory has been whether it can explain the origin of complex organismal features. We examined this issue using digital organisms – computer programs that self-replicate, mutate, compete and evolve. Populations of digital organisms often evolved the ability to perform complex logic functions requiring the coordinated execution of many genomic instructions. Complex functions evolved by building on simpler functions that had evolved earlier provided that these were also selectively favored. … The first genotypes able to perform complex functions differed from their non-performing parents by only one or two mutations, but differed from the ancestor by many mutations that were also crucial to the new functions. In some cases, mutations that were deleterious when they appeared served as stepping-stones in the evolution of complex features. These findings show how complex functions can originate by random mutation and natural selection. (Lenski, Ofria, Pennock, and Adami 2003, 139) Experiments of this kind should be seen as a powerful proof of concept for modern evolutionary theory. Biologists theorize that certain processes play out in the course of evolution by natural selection, and now we have concrete, evolutionary systems in which precisely those processes are seen to play out. Research in this area continues to the present, with ever more complex environments being fashioned to investigate ever more dif- ficult problems. A recent example is work carried out by Yuta Tak- agi, Diep Nguyen, Tom Wexler, and Aaron Goldman. They used an artificial life experiment to study the selection pressures that might have influenced the relationship between cellularity and metabolism shortly after the origin of life. From their abstract: 6.10 conservation of information 211 The emergence of cellular organisms occurred sometime between the origin of life and the evolution of the last universal common ancestor and represents one of the major transitions in evolutionary history. Here we describe a series of artificial life simulations that reveal a close relationship between the evolution of cellularity, the evolution of metabolism, and the richness of the environment. (Takagi, Nguyen, Wexler, and Goldman 2020, 598) Artificial life experiments have proven their worth by illumi- nating processes that are universal to all systems that evolve by Darwinian mechanisms. Researchers have found them to be a useful tool for investigating evolutionary questions that would be hard to study in nature. Why, then, do the anti-evolutionists think there is something shoddy about the whole enterprise? 6.10 conservation of information In their 2017 book Introduction to Evolutionary Informatics, Robert Marks II, William Dembski, and Winston Ewert (MDE) continue the story that Dembski began in No Free Lunch. The book certainly opens with lofty ambitions: In order to establish solid credibility, a science should be backed by mathematics and models. … The purpose of evolutionary informatics is to scrutinize the mathematics and models underlying evolution and the science of design. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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