The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Marks, Dembski, and Ewert 2017, 205)
In our brief discussion of Avida, we mentioned that the programs were able to evolve the ability to carry out complex logic functions. When MDE refer to a “stairstep information function,” they mean that the Avida environment rewarded its digital organisms for finding the intermediate steps on the way to the complex function. They later elaborate on why they find this so important: The more complex operations are built with simpler operations. A stair step information source to generate more complex operations must signify that the more complex operations are more fit than the simple operations. If this is not the case, the existence of the stair steps is not useful. As the stairs are climbed, 214 6 information and combinatorial search we must be informed we are getting “warmer,” i.e. closer to the result we seek. When a more complex operation degrades into a simpler one, we are informed that we are getting colder. This active information source is the reason for Avida’s success. As is always the case, the evolutionary program does not create any information. (Marks, Dembski, and Ewert 2017, 209) It is on the basis of such arguments that MDE dismiss all computer simulations of evolution as unrealistic, but their logic is hard to follow. It is self-evident that the Avida organisms found evolutionary success in part because the researchers created an envi- ronment in which success was possible. However, it is equally self- evident that the algorithm plays a big role in the success. That is, Avida’s organisms achieved success because a particular algorithm interacted with a particular environment. The algorithm and the environment are both critical, and therefore it is plainly wrong to say, “This active information source is the reason for Avida’s success.” The fallacy committed by MDE here is essentially the same one we discussed in Section 5.5. This point is more easily seen in the context of the weasel exper- iments described in Section 6.7. We saw two separate experiments undertaken within the same environment. One employed a blind search algorithm, while the other employed a hill-climbing algorithm. The former was unsuccessful, while the latter was successful. The difference was the algorithm that was used to search the space, and this is why it is wrong to imply that it was solely the environment that led to Avida’s success. If MDE want to argue that computer simulations of evolution are fundamentally unrealistic, then they must show that these sim- ulations are relevantly different from what happens in nature. They point to two related aspects of Avida that are meant to establish this disanalogy, but they are not successful in either case. First, they note that Avida’s programmers provided the digital organisms with a source of information to mine by creating the 6.10 conservation of information 215 environment in the first place. But as we discussed in Section 6.8, nature likewise contains information that populations of organisms can exploit. Natural selection serves as a conduit for transmitting environmental information into the genomes of organisms. Second, they note that the programmers created a selection gradient that favored intermediate stages on the way to evolving a complex function. But nature also provides selection gradients to organisms. If the intermediate steps all promote the reproduc- tive success of the organisms, then natural selection will favor and preserve those steps. For example, eyes can evolve in a stepwise manner because the intermediate steps represent improvements in visual acuity, thereby improving the reproductive success of their bearers. Let us elaborate on this last point. Suppose there really were an intelligent designer who established the laws of nature. Further suppose he wants to steer some population of sightless organisms towards the evolution of eyes. In each generation, he surveys all of the offspring for novel variations that improve visual acuity. He allows those creatures to reproduce, and quietly ensures that the others live out their lives without leaving offspring. He does this generation after generation, until, very gradually, a bona fide eye appears. ID proponents would argue that this is not Darwinian evolution, because success was achieved only because an intelligent agent guided the process toward a pre-determined goal. However, biologists would reply that nature can recapitulate every step of this process without any need for intelligence. Mindless nature, no less than our intelligent agent, can ensure that only the organisms with the best eyesight leave offspring. This is possible because improvements in visual acuity are strongly correlated with an ability to survive and reproduce. What matters is not the presence of intelligence, but only the consistency of the selection mechanism. In our example, it does not matter if our incipient eyes are preserved because an intelligent agent wills it to be so, or if natural selec- tion inadvertently preserves them because they happen to promote 216 6 information and combinatorial search increased success in reproduction. Success is achieved in either case because we select for the same thing in every generation. And so it is with artificial life experiments. Focusing on the fact that intelligent agents set up the environment misses the point. Complexity can be seen to evolve in such experiments because the random mutations introduced into the system interact with the selection gradients in the environment to produce adaptive change. Since the interplay of random variations with selection gradients also takes place in nature, there is no point of disanalogy here between the simulations and the reality. At this point we might wonder why the ID folks are so relentless in driving home these points. After all, we are once more back to the trivial observation that nature must be a certain way for evolution to work, and we have already noted that no sophisticated mathematics is needed to establish this. So what do Dembski and his coauthors think they have accomplished? The clearest statement I have found of their intentions comes from a 2011 paper written by Dembski and Marks. They characterize their argument as follows: The central issue in the scientific debate over intelligent design and biological evolution can therefore be stated as follows: Is nature complete in the sense of possessing all the resources it needs to bring about the information-rich biological structures we see around us, or does nature also require some contribution of design to bring about those structures? Darwinian naturalism argues that nature is able to create all its own information and is therefore complete. Intelligent design, by contrast, argues that nature is merely able to re-express existing information and is therefore incomplete. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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