The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
(Clark 1943, 52, italics in original)
These passages illustrate how Clark understands the the law of entropy. The connection to evolution now seems clear. The dramatic appearance of complex organ systems in biology in the course of natu- ral history does not seem like the unfolding through natural law of an already existing order. Rather, such appearances constitute genuine novelty and genuine increases in complexity. Clark’s conclusion: It seems reasonable to conclude, therefore, that if in past ages complex organisms ever did evolve from simpler ones, the process took place contrary to the laws of nature, and must have involved what may rightly be termed the miraculous. (Clark 1943, 63) We have now seen enough of Clark’s argument to offer some initial replies. We can think of Clark’s offering as the basic argument from thermodynamics: Evolutionary theory says that animals have natu- rally gotten more complex over time, but the second law says things naturally break down. This is a contradiction. In this form, we have a distinctly track one argument. Clark is admirably forthright that his is an argument based on “common sense,” and he is explicit that his use of the law of entropy differs from how physicists would use it. Therefore, the basic argument is highly vulnerable to the point we made at the end of Section 7.3. Since we are not using any of the mathematical machinery underlying the second law, thermodynamics is only playing a rhetorical role in the argument. As we have noted, you do not need to invoke anything from 7.6 the basic argument from thermodynamics 241 physics to justify the claim that things tend to break down unless energy is expended to maintain them. We could stop there and just move on to the next section, but there are a few other aspects of Clark’s argument that are worth commenting on. He apparently believes that our everyday under- standing of “order” and “disorder” is sufficient for grasping his intent. He goes on to urge that the law of entropy, though used by physicists and engineers to apply only to certain sorts of physical systems, be extended to become a general principle of increasing disorder. However, there is a reason why physicists themselves have not made this move. As we have seen, the law of entropy as understood in scientific discourse is a mathematical statement. The terms “order” and “disorder” never appear in such discussions, since there is no way to define them with sufficient precision. Everyday notions of order and disorder are frequently in conflict with the technical understand- ing of entropy. A simple example is to compare a bowl of liquid water to the same volume of water in the form of jagged ice shards. Intuitively, we might think that the smooth, homogeneous water is more ordered than the jagged ice. However, the ice is at a lower temperature and therefore has the lower entropy. Moreover, our usual notions of order and disorder involve arrangements of physical parts, while entropy is about energy flow and dissipation. Examples such as these show why it is an error to treat entropy and disorder as synonymous. The basic argument also seems to be vulnerable on another front. It is not difficult to find examples where order, in the every- day sense, spontaneously increases, such as in the formation of a snowflake. Clark dismisses all such examples as instances of latent order being expressed, as opposed to the creation of something gen- uinely novel. But this distinction – between latent order and genuine novelty – is hopelessly vague. How do we distinguish “latent order” from “genuine novelty”? Clark discusses crystallization, and makes much of the fact that the crystal’s structure is entirely determined 242 7 thermodynamics by the physical properties of the system in which it emerges. In his telling, it is specifically this physical determinism that places crystal- lization in the category of latent order. However, this understanding of the distinction is clearly insufficient for his argument because small increases in order can easily arise just by chance. Therefore, we must also allow for events that occur as combinations of chance and physical laws. At this point we have to wonder which part of the evolutionary process Clark believes to be impossible. After all, we have already noted that on a small scale, evolutionary innovation is seen to occur. If Clark would dismiss such innovation as an expression of latent order, then the entire panoply of biological evolution can be similarly dismissed. In other words, using Clark’s understanding of the terms, we might suggest that no genuine novelty has actually arisen in the course of evolution. It has all been a mere expression of order latent in the genomes of the earliest life forms and the environments in which they found themselves. That this seems like an unhelpful way of looking at things suggests a weakness in Clark’s proposed law, at least to the extent that he seeks to apply it to evolutionary theory. Clark briefly addresses the possibility of evolution by natural selection: Julian Huxley attempts to avoid the difficulty by invoking natural selection. “Natural selection,” he writes, “achieves its results by giving probability to combinations which would otherwise be in the highest degree improbable. This important principle clearly removes all force from the ‘argument from improbability’ used by many anti-Darwinians, such as Bergson.” But molecular combinations are not made more probable if, when once they have been formed, they are enshrined in a species. The analogy of the crystal nucleus shows us the extreme limits of spontaneous ordering in nature, and it is an analogy which is unfavourable to the mechanistic evolutionist. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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