The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
particular system in a specified condition it may be possible to
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
particular system in a specified condition it may be possible to define nominally separate contributions to the total entropy, but this does not make these contributions independent of each other. Such a conceptual separation is sometimes made for convenience, but it is essential to show that it is valid in any particular case. (Lloyd 2012, 31) This leads nicely into the second point. If Sewell wants to apply his ideas to the evolutionary process. Then he needs to explain precisely which part of the process is ruled out by this invocation of thermodynamics. It is not sufficient to just deride compensation as illogical, or to assert that human evolution is impossible. When scientists say that the thermal energy from the sun drives the evolutionary process, there is nothing in any way specu- lative about the mechanisms involved. We understand perfectly, at the level of individual atoms and molecules, how sunlight causes photosynthesis. We understand the full chain of causation for how sunlight ultimately provides the energy for all the processes of life. Moreover, as we have noted, every individual part of the evolutionary process is a well-understood, empirical fact: genes really do mutate, this sometimes leads to new functionalities, and natural selection really can string together these novelties into adaptive change. So, again, which part of this process is supposed to be ruled out by the second law? 7.10 reviving the second law argument 261 We have shown that neither part of Sewell’s argument is correct. It is not legitimate to partition the entropy in the manner he describes, and there is no plausible connection between his ideas and evolution. However, there is another aspect of Sewell’s writing that merits some consideration. Specifically, he asserts that a more expansive understanding of the second law would expose the conflict with evolutionary theory. He writes: Although all current statements of the second law apply only to isolated systems, the principle underlying the second law can actually be stated in a way that applies to open systems. … [I]f the object is no longer isolated, then the thermal entropy can decrease, but no faster than it is exported. Stated another way, the thermal order (defined as the negative of thermal entropy) can increase, but no faster than it is imported. (Sewell 2013b, 4) This leads to his own statement of the second law, “Natural (unin- telligent) forces do not do macroscopically describable things that are extremely improbable from the microscopic point of view.” (Sewell 2013b, 5) He now completes his argument with this: The second law is all about using probability at the microscopic level to predict macroscopic change. The confusion in applying it to less quantifiable applications such as evolution is the result of trying to base it on something else, such as “entropy cannot decrease,” when entropy may be difficult or impossible to define. This statement of the second law, or at least the fundamental principle behind the second law, is the one that should be applied to evolution. Those wanting to claim that the basic principle behind the second law is not violated … need to argue that, under the right conditions, macroscopically describable things such as the spontaneous rearrangement of atoms into machines capable of mathematical computations, or of long-distance air travel, or of receiving pictures and sounds transmitted from the other side of 262 7 thermodynamics the planet, or of interplanetary space travel, are not really astronomically improbable from the microscopic point of view, thanks to the influx of solar energy and to natural selection or whatever theory they use to explain the evolution of life and of human intelligence. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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