The republic of uzbekistan nukus state pedagogical institute foreign language faculty

2.1 Differences in the pronunciation of consonants
One important difference between various English accents is the pronunciation of the consonant r. We call American English rhotic because the r is pronounced before a vowel, a consonant and at the end of a word. On the other hand RP is called non-rhotic because the consonant r is not pronounced before a consonant and at the end of a word.It is believed that the weakening of the r started in Britain in the 1600s and it took about one hundred years for the r to be completely lost. The non-rhotic accent became standard among the British sometime in the 1800s.There are three main realizations of the phoneme [r] in GA. Rhotic accent can be pronounced as a retroflex approximant. This occurs when r is found in an initial position in a word, e.g. rat, red, etc.; intervocalically, e.g. irregular,floral, etc.; and in the final position in a word when preceded by a vowel, e.g. beer, far.The phonetic symbol for this sound found in the International Phonetic Alphabet is [ɻ]. It always functions as a consonant.Another realization of the phoneme [r] can be found when it occurs in the medial position in a word and is preceded and followed by a consonant, e.g. perhaps, perform, etc.; and in a final position in a word when preceded by a consonant, e.g. biker, teacher,etc.The phonetic symbol for this sound found in the International Phonetic Alphabet is [ɚ]. It functions as a vowel.American English spelling and on selected spelling differences between British and American English. We will focus on the most common differences which include words ending in -ise in British English and -ize in American English,words ending in -ce and -se, words ending in -our or –or, words ending in a consonant followed by -re or -er and doubling of the final consonant in a word.We will demonstrate the differences with examples.Noah Webster is the most important figure in the development and standardizing of American English spelling. The influence of his works on spelling was immediate and profound.Among his most influential works are Grammatical Institute of the English Language (1783), American Spelling Book, and American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). There were two reasons why Webster suggested a spelling reform:philological and nationalistic.“As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government. Great Britain, whose children we are, and whose language we speak, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline. But if it were not so, she is at too great a distance to be our model, and to instruct us in the principles of our own tongue.”Webster’s dissatisfaction with the language used in the United States sparkled when he worked as a teacher and found that many of the texts he had to work with lacked an American perspective. He thus started publishing and travelling around the country to find support for his ideas. Webster tried to apply quite dramatic changes in both spelling and pronunciation but this reform was not supported and was only received in a moderate form.The British counterpart to Webster, Dr. Samuel Johnson, the author of A Dictionary of the English Language, tried to reform and unifies the spelling in Britain.The suffix -ize is typical for American English, in words such as organize, recognize,realize, etc., rather than British. In Britain the alternate -ise is preferred, e.g. organise,recognise, realise, etc., which shows an influence of French on the British English.Even though the suffix -ize is now rarely used in British English, we still find that some British sources prefer it to the suffix -ise because of its Greek and Latin origin.One of the important British sources supporting this theory is the Oxford English Dictionary.It states that “some have used the spelling -ise in English, as in French. . . ɒut the suffix itself, whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek -izein, Latin -izare; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic.” (Oxford English Dictionary) From our study of this topic it could be concluded that even though some British sources use both suffixes, the suffix -ize is only rarely used in everyday British English and is considered an Americanism.These suffixes are not to be confused with words ending in -ize or -ise which are not derived from the Greek language. Their endings are not interchangeable like those with Greek or Latin origin. These include words such as compromise, advise, exercise,surprise, size, prize, etc.After comparing different American and British sources, we can conclude that the ending -our is commonly used in British English; on the other hand, the ending -or is used in American English. When Noah Webster suggested that standardized American English Language be used in the United States, one obvious difference from British English was simplifying and shortening the spelling of words. This is obvious in the case of these two endings. Webster only uses the ending -or in his American Dictionary of the English Language from 1828. On the other hand Johnson, in his Dictionary of the English Language. only uses the ending -our. This ending originated in Old French and was made common after the Norman Conquest during the use of Anglo-French, when the influence of French on English was the strongest in history.Examples of words with these endings include – armour - armor, behaviour – behavior,colour – color, glamour – glamor, saviour – savior, flavour - flavor, honour – honor, etc.