The republic of uzbekistan nukus state pedagogical institute foreign language faculty

The subject of analysis english Language in the graduation paper are American and British comparative methods.
The object of analysis of the graduation paper is to study comparative study of the ways of creating neologisms in English and Uzbek.
The methods of analysis in the graduation paper are comparative transformational methods.
The theoretical value of the present qulification paper is that the theoretical part of the work can be used in delivering lectures and seminars on English Stylistics and Language Learning.
The practical value of the present qualification paper is that the practical results gained by investigating the giving problem may be used as examples or mini-tests in seminars and practical lessons of English.
The structural structure and volume of the course work: the work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, 4 sections, general conclusions and recommendations, a list of used literature.
CHAPTER I COMPARATIVE ANALAYSIS OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
The history of English is usually divided into three major periods called Old English also called Anglo-Saxon, Middle English, and Modern English. The early period, dating from approximately A.D., started with the migration of Germanic tribes from the north-western coast of the continental Europe and their settling in Britain. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes brought their own languages to the British Isles and pushed the Celtic-speaking people out of their homeland into parts of the Isles now called Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland. It is suggested that the invaders spoke Germanic, which is a language believe to be widely spread before 500 A.D. The language is believed to be related to Dutch, Frisian, German, some Scandinavian languages and to Gothic language. There are no written records of the Germanic languages and so it is difficult to know how exactly these influenced the language development on the British Isles. The Germanic tribes were not the first to invade Britain. It was the Celts who first invaded Britain long before the Germanic tribes, but we see only a little influence of their Celtic language on today’s English.Another group of invaders who raided Britain in this period were the Danes from Denmark and Norsemen from Norway, known as the Vikings. Because some of the raiders settled in Britain and spoke their own language, they brought with them another big influence on the Old English language. Danish, in particular, was spoken on the east coast of the British Isles until about 1100 A.D. and was a major influence on English. The Middle English is the period that extends from roughly the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. In A.D.1066 a major event in the development of the English language took place: William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England.France conquered England and replaced the ruling English with French-speaking officials. Britain thus became a bilingual country. During the period of the French reign about 10,000 French words came into English. French, being of Latin origin,imposed a large influence of the Latin language on the development of English. Much of the modern English vocabulary is of Latin origin rather than of Germanic. During this period came most grammatical changes re-forming English from the synthetic Old English to the analytic English. English lost most of the case endings of nouns, many irregular and strong forms of verbs were simplified, prefixes and suffixes were used more freely and verbs were no longer conjugated. (Crystal, 1995) The Middle English period is characterised by the formation of many different dialects,making it hard for people from opposite sides of the Isles to understand each other, but one dialect became the standard language of Britain – the dialect of London, the capitol of Britain.The Modern English period can be divided into two distinct periods. The period of Early Modern English dates approximately from 1500-1800 and the period of Late Modern English from 1800 to the present. There were two major factors that clearly separated Middle and Modern English. The first was a change in pronunciation, also known as the Great Vowel Shift, during which the vowels in general started shortening.The other factor was instigated by William Caxton’s bringing the printing press to England, which led to the publishing of literature for the masses becoming more popular. Literacy became more common, and works in English were more popular than the ones in Latin. This in turn led to the need for standardized English. The London dialect became the standard. (Van Gelderen, 2006) The biggest difference between early and late Modern English can be seen in vocabulary. The period after 1800 is characterized by the Industrial Revolution, science and the advancement of technology. New English words in this period were formed mostly from Latin and Greek root words.As Britain grew as an empire, the English language spread all over the world and was spoken by more people than ever before. International trade, for example, not only helped spread English into other parts of the world, it also brought new words into English from many different languages.Also important is the period of colonization, which started around 1600 A.D. and spread English to North America, creating a completely new and unique American dialect.English language is fascinating. Its history, development over hundreds of years, its rich vocabulary and fairly easy grammar system make English one of the most interesting languages.It is no wonder that it became the number one world’s language used by millions of speakers all over the world.We took on the goal, as stated in the introduction, to answer the question: Why are British and American English different? We can conclude that the history of the English language itself, as well as the history of the English language in the United States, is important in answering the stated question. The history and development of British and American English as two major different dialects shows that the different needs of speakers in different geographical locations influence of different languages, different social and cultural conditions all contributed to the one language dividing into two major dialects.The core of this thesis aimed to show selected differences in British and American English in the areas of grammar, spelling, pronunciation and vocabulary.This thesis proves that the differences in these areas are many. It shows that the differences which may cause the most confusion are in the area of pronunciation and vocabulary.We can add that not only are Received Pronunciation and General American very different, but these two standard pronunciations are only a small fraction of dialects found in Britain and the United States. With selected examples of British idioms and their American equivalents we have shown that often when the two dialects use the same words,phrases or idioms, they may be expressing a completely different meaning; and on the other hand, one meaning can be preferred to be expressed by completely different words or phrases.The chapters dealing with grammar and spelling show that we find plenty of differences in these areas as well but they do not play such a big role in the interaction between speakers of British and American English.The English language is a dynamic system which is always changing. We can only speculate whether the two dialects will become more or less alike in the future.