The role of free economic zones for the development of the regional economy
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329925411 THE ROLE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Conference Paper · August 2018 DOI: 10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.2/S20.069 CITATIONS 2 READS
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Planning and Development THE ROLE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kliment Naydenov, Chief assist. Prof. Dr. Metodi Ivanov
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria ABSTRACT The development and growth of the autonomy of the regions implies an increase in their degree of recognition, related to the increase of international economic relations and trade. One of these options is a free economic zone, as a particular type of state (or private) regulation of international economic relations and trade. Free economic zones around the world must include free - commercial, port, economic, banking - or duty - free shops and warehouses. Generally, they are designed to stimulate industrial exports, increase foreign exchange earnings, and workplaces used as "laboratories" to test new economic methods and mechanisms. Another favorable feature of all free economic zones is the favorable investment climate - customs, tax, financial privileges and administrative concessions compared to the general regime operating in the rest of the economic area in one or another country (respectively region). Often, factors such as political stability, investment guarantees, infrastructure quality, work force qualifications are crucial. The localization of such a free zone is an essential element of the national strategy and an important approach in the development of regional policy for a given territory. This is one of the world-wide recognized forms of organizing production, especially of high-tech products, as well as creating conditions for providing modern technologies, as well as for moving foreign direct investments and accelerating the development of certain economic regions. Free economic zones are an important tool for regional development. Some of the most important localization requirements for such free zones in accordance with world standards are: - political and economic stability in the region, accompanied by a concept of economic development and planning; - good construction of the transport system and communications, proximity to a railway and communication center of national importance; - environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly, high standard of physical planning; - reliable infrastructure for all seasons during the year - transport, water, energy; - market access - preferential access to important markets with a major advantage; - developed financial and banking infrastructure with prerequisites for servicing in the field of electronics and engineering; - a required labor force, a low labor cost, a production qualification that essentially determines the type of industry that could be developed in the area; - the existence of an existing industry with a well-developed production infrastructure and a plant economy, - a good organization of the zone and general coordination, - prerequisites for the development of light industry in the presence of traditions and highly qualified personnel, which is a prerequisite for high quality of production and competitiveness.
5 th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Art SGEM 2018 Keywords: free economic zone, regional development, international economic relations, regional economy
The Free Economic Zones (Special Economic Zones) are a business initiative that creates favorable conditions for the export industry. The common between the free economic zones around the world is the desire to attract international trade through: tax exemptions or a sharp reduction in their level within the territory; duty-free import of goods and services used to produce export goods; facilitated control of currency trade within the zone; perfect banking, warehouse and other services; facilitated access to the area (communication infrastructure), etc. For the purposes of this article, we will use the terms "free economic zones" and "special economic zones" as synonyms. Special economic zones (SEZ) have been mushrooming over the past decades. UNCTAD estimates that there are over 4800 SEZs worldwide. Free Zones are geographic areas in which a governmental authority offers incentives, different from the host country's regular policies, to companies operating in the region. Given the nature of these incentives, designated zones are often said to function as "growth poles" for the region, or even beyond. [4]
SEZs are generally defined as geographically designated areas of a country that are set aside for specially targeted economic activities, and supported through special arrangements and systems that are often different from those that apply to the rest of the country.[3] In our opinion special economic zones are geographically designated trade areas that are used to attract foreign investors and boost industrialisation. While physical infrastructure and modern facilities at SEZs can contribute to the modernisation of industrial processes in the country, soft infrastructure is as important when it comes to attracting investors. They generally have trade laws that differ from the rest of the country and companies are offered tax incentives to set up operations. [2] As a prototype of free zones, free ports can be accepted. They have been known in world history since ancient times and existed in the Mediterranean basin thousands of years ago as institutions and territorial sites through which traders have received protection and incentives for their operations in conditions of political uncertainty, changing economic conditions and local protectionism. The first free duty-free zones began to function from antiquity - the island of Delos is one of the first free ports. The essence of these ports is: a geographical area in which various facilities are provided for carrying out commercial and service activities. The first free zones originated along the Mediterranean coast at the end of the 16th century. Over the years, the concept of free trade zones has undergone a significant evolution. Colonial expansion in Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the creation of free zones in Gibraltar, Singapore and Hong Kong. Originally, most importance was attributed to trade and warehouse operations. In most cases even minor processing operations on the goods have been banned. The first production area was set up in 1959 at Shannon Airport in Ireland, setting off the export-oriented industrial zones. The successes of the Shannon airport area led to the spread of similar status areas in Taiwan, Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia and Mauritania. Over the years, in the 1970s, there were zones in the US and Brazil that were mostly import-oriented. In Manaus Brazil,
Planning and Development there is a duty-free zone with a main business of agriculture, which also serves as a pilot project of a tropical agricultural model. In 1978, China created four special economic zones. A South Korea is the first country in the world to have passed a law on the establishment of a Free Zone (January 1, 1970). In eastern European countries the legal basis of free economic zones was established in the 1980s. In Hungary, in 1982, the first co-production sites were created, according to an order of the Ministry of Finance. In Poland, a law on free economic zones was adopted in 1988. One of the first zones is the Szczecin port. In Russia, legal bases for free economic zones have been developed since the early 1990s. The first experimental zones in the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific coastal areas are being set up. In the former Yugoslavia, free economic zones are being developed under a law of 1985. In Romania, the conditions for free economic zones are determined by a Decree of the Council of State of 1978. In Bulgaria a legal basis for free economic zones was established in 1987. There are various types of SEZs which can either be sector specific or multi product depending on working conditions, country infrastructure, government oversight and geography.[3] The development of modern free economic zones passes mainly through 3 stages: initial development gets the so- Classical free zones - (storage and transfer areas). They allow companies to store, inspect, pack, label, and transfer goods with goods that are exempt from customs duties and other government taxes and fees. There are now over 200 small free zones of this type in the world. The second stage in the development of free economic zones is related to the emergence of Free Industrial Zones or the so- export processing areas. The first free zone of this type was created in Shannon, Northern Ireland in 1959 and now employs over 8,000 people and accounts for 20% of the country's exports. Today over 145 similar areas operate in over 40 countries around the world. Most companies import semifinished components for production, assembly and packaging in these areas, and then export ready-made products mainly for Western European countries and the United States. The third stage relates to the emerging "Complex Free Zones" - (free ports, special economic zones and information processing areas). As early as 1955, the Government of the Bahamas allowed a duty-free regime, tax relief, and immigration flexibility to support private sector development on 138,888 acres of land on the island of Goliam Bahama. the funding was aimed at building an international airport, a deep-sea port, an industrial park with manufacturing plants, intensive tourism and housing. These integrated industrial and financial areas are an example of success in the free economic zones. The complex free zones also refer to the so-called Special Economic Zones (as early as 1978, China created four such areas) that are being built to attract foreign investment, stimulate and attract highly qualified specialists, and enhance the transfer of technology. By the early 1990s, these areas in China had attracted over $ 9 billion. In recent years, a new type of complex free economic zones has emerged, information processing areas. The first one was created in Montego Bay (Jamaica) and is designed to attract foreign information industries. The fundamental benefits of free economic zones derive from their role as instruments of trade and investment policy. These static benefits result from capturing the gains from specialization and exchange. Moreover, SEZs today operate in an ever more challenging environment. Due to the new industrial revolution (NIR) zones will need to rethink their competitive advantages, as the importance of traditional locational advantages are eroding. At the same time, SEZs will need to pursue business
5 th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Art SGEM 2018 activities in a more socially and environmentally responsible manner that advances the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These challenges call for a modernization of special economic zones. [5] The development and growth of the autonomy of the regions implies an increase in their degree of recognition, related to the increase of international economic relations and trade. One of these options is free economic zones, as a particular type of state (or private) regulation of international economic relations and trade. Free economic zones around the world must include free - commercial, port, economic, banking - or duty - free shops and warehouses. Generally, they are designed to stimulate industrial exports, increase foreign exchange earnings, and workplaces used as "laboratories" to test new economic methods and mechanisms. Another favorable feature of all free economic zones is the favorable investment climate - customs, tax, financial privileges and administrative concessions compared to the general regime operating in the rest of the economic area in one or another country (respectively region). Often, factors such as political stability, investment guarantees, infrastructure quality, workforce qualifications are crucial. The localization of such a free zone is an essential element of the national strategy and an important approach in the development of regional policy for a given territory. This is one of the world-wide recognized forms of organizing production, especially of high-tech products, as well as creating conditions for providing modern technologies, as well as for moving foreign direct investments and accelerating the development of certain economic regions. Free economic zones are an important tool for regional development. In international documents, free zones are more simply defined as "geographic territories", where traditional constraints imposed by the productive sectors are abolished. Based on world practice, we can identify several free zone models that have been established at national level: Ø Territorially limited, few effective operating areas located in places with a key geographic and economic situation, well-secured infrastructure and administrative. Ø Territorially limited without limitation as number, but most often small areas. Ø Territorially limited large-sized few areas Ø Free cities, ports. Ø Establishment of a free zone status on the territory of a particular administrative area or a whole country. The analysis of legislation shows that the following activities are permitted in all duty-free and economic zones: Ø import and export of goods; Ø doing business; Ø carrying out activities for the production and processing of goods; Ø Banking and other financial operations; Ø warehousing and storage of goods, etc. materials. SEZs can be regarded as an investment in industrial infrastructure and a services provider to attract and facilitate foreign investment, integrate local firms into global value chains, promote export-oriented growth and generate employment. For many countries, these zones are an important instrument of socioeconomic development. They are widely deployed to kick-start industrial sectors and to promote technology transfer to local economies and can contribute to improving the overall investment environment,
Planning and Development lowering transaction costs for FDI activities, increasing the ease of doing business and streamlining administrative procedures, including the time required to set up operations. [5] An initiative to create free economic zones can come from different institutions and organizations. In Macedonia and the United Arab Emirates, the initiative to create free economic zones belongs to the Government. In Lithuania, the creation of a free economic zone can be initiated by the central government, a district or a municipal council that presents their proposal to the Government. In Belgium, this is at the initiative of a local company or a local branch of a foreign company that applies to the authorized bodies to benefit from the preferential scheme of coordination centers. Under US law, the initiative belongs to the corporation, which applies to the Management Board. In China, free economic zones are created by the provincial and autonomous provincial authorities. Similar is the situation in Belarus where free economic zones are at the suggestion of local executive and dispositional authorities. In Moldova, Mongolia and India, free economic zones are created by central and local authorities or by individual economic operators who make proposals to the Council of Ministers. There is a special regime in the Philippines for the establishment of an area by local authorities and / or private entities outside of the central government. China is one of the most successful countries in terms of leveraging SEZs to achieve far-reaching economic transformations. It started with four zones at the initial stage to experiment with market-oriented economic reforms, which involves laws, regulations, taxation, land, labor, finance, customs, immigration, etc. After being successful, the zone program and relevant reforms were gradually rolled out throughout the nation in more diversified forms, and some of the zones were designed with more sophisticated agenda, such as the high-tech industrial parks. Together with the numerous industrial clusters, the SEZs have contributed significantly to national GDP, employment, exports, and attraction of FDIs.[6] The analysis shows that SEZs have had a strongly positive impact upon the development of the least-developed regions in Poland, while in relatively richer ones the effect was weak or even negative. [1] In the free economic zones, there are also various restrictive or prohibited activities. For example, the laws of Belarus, Lithuania, Macedonia and Moldova prohibit the production, storage, processing and sale of weapons, munitions and explosives in free zones. Belarus, Lithuania and Macedonia are prohibited from manufacturing, processing, storing and neutralizing radioactive materials. In Macedonia, radioactive material may be imported into the economic zone only for industrial, medical and scientific purposes. Activities for the production, storage and sale of drugs and strong poisonous substances as well as crops containing drugs and highly poisonous substances in Belarus and Lithuania are prohibited. In these two countries, the treatment of people suffering from dangerous infectious diseases is prohibited. In addition, the production of securities, banknotes, coins and postage stamps is prohibited in the free economic zones of Belarus and Lithuania. The legislation of both parties prohibits the preparation and broadcasting of radio and television programs, except for the technical support of printing houses, radio and television. Macedonia is forbidden to produce products and services that violate the protection of intellectual property in accordance with domestic law and international agreements. Areas of free zones in the United States, Latvia, and Lithuania are prohibited in retail trade, with the exception of the sale of goods for direct consumption
5 th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Art SGEM 2018 by workers in these areas. In the laws of the other countries - Belgium, the United States, Italy, India, the United Arab Emirates, Mongolia, Estonia, Slovenia, the Philippines and France, there is no explicit listing of prohibited activities. In Italy, India, the United Arab Emirates, Macedonia, Mongolia and France, economic units are fully exempt from the payment of tax for a certain period and under certain circumstances. In China, economic units are exempted to a certain amount of tax base. The legislation of Latvia and Slovenia only provides for a reduction in the tax rate. In Lithuania and Moldova there is a mixed regime. Some countries grant relief on immunity from property tax. No tax on land and property taxes is levied in Latvia, Macedonia, Mongolia, the United Arab Emirates and France. Complete or partial exemption from value added tax (VAT) is provided under US, Chinese, Latvian, Mongolian, and Moldovan legislation. In Slovenia, a zero rate of tax is provided for the import of facilities, production raw materials and services needed to export the output or other authorized activities in the area. The legislative study has revealed that in the United States, Italy, India, Mongolia and Moldova, exemptions or reductions of excise duties are envisaged under certain conditions. In the Philippines, unless otherwise provided for by law, entities in the area are exempted from paying taxes.
Free economic zones play important roles in industrialization and regional economic development in various regions of the world. The geographical location, state-owned enterprises and natural resources also played a prominent factor in the development of regional disparities. In order to develop the regional economy, the most important requirements for the localization of such free (special) zones in accordance with world standards are: Ø political and economic stability in the region, accompanied by a concept of economic development and planning; Ø good construction of the transport system and communications, proximity to a railway and communication center of national importance; Ø environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly, high standard of physical planning; Ø reliable infrastructure for all seasons during the year - transport, water, energy; Ø market access - preferential access to important markets with a major advantage; Ø developed financial and banking infrastructure with prerequisites for servicing in the field of electronics and engineering; Ø a required labor force, a low labor cost, a production qualification that essentially determines the type of industry that could be developed in the area; Ø the existence of an existing industry with a well-developed production infrastructure and a plant economy, - a good organization of the zone and general coordination, Ø prerequisites for the development of light industry in the presence of traditions and highly qualified personnel, which is a prerequisite for high quality of production and competitiveness. It is important to note that free economic zones also hide dangers. Despite the advantages and clear success cases, SEZs have a mixed record. The cost of investments in zone infrastructure and maintenance in many cases outweigh the benefits. Investors may also take advantage of tax breaks without delivering substantial employment or export earnings. It often proofs difficult to extend benefits outside the zones or to
Planning and Development upgrade domestic skills and the production base. Many traditional export processing zones have been successful in attracting investment and creating employment in the short term but became uncompetitive when wages started to rise, or trade preferences disappeared.[5] The opportunity to obtain economic effects from created free economic zones is realized in conditions of combination of different economic, market, territorial, production and communication factors. Such different economic conditions in the modern world are present because of the varying degree of development of the individual countries but also of the different regions within them. It is precisely the difference in the regional, foreign, economic and political conditions of the countries that are the basis for the contemporary global spread of free economic zones.Special Economic Zones can be important incubators to support regional economic initiatives and could play a role in the digitalization of the economy. Special economic zones have become a popular buzzword in many developing countries and competition is intense. Most countries think that special economic zones will be a panacea for their economic woes.[2] Free zones can have an impact on regional policy guidelines and on regional economic development. The determined success of free zones in carrying out radical regional reforms can be related to their geographically driven nature. REFERENCES [1]
Adam A. Ambroziak & Christopher A. Hartwell (2017) The impact of investments in special economic zones on regional development: the case of Poland, Regional Studies, DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2017.1395005
[2] Kim Y., What can Africa learn from China’s special economic zones?, The Conversation, 2015
[3] Nyakabawo W., The geographic designation of Special Economic Zones, TIPS, 2014 [4] Willemijn de Jong, Establishing Free Zones for regional development, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament, 12/03/2013 [5] World Investment Report 2018 [6] Zeng D.Z., Global Experiences with Special Economic Zones −With a Focus on China and Africa, The World Bank, Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice, 2015
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