The state of urban food insecurity in southern africa
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THE STATE OF URBAN FOOD INSECURITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Bruce Frayne, Wade Pendleton, Jonathan Crush, Ben Acquah, Jane Battersby-Lennard, Eugenio Bras, Asiyati Chiweza, Tebogo Dlamini, Robert Fincham, Florian Kroll, Clement Leduka, Aloysius Mosha, Chileshe Mulenga, Peter Mvula, Akiser Pomuti, Ines Raimundo, Michael Rudolph, Shaun Ruysenaa, Nomcebo Simelane, Daniel Tevera, Maxton Tsoka, Godfrey Tawodzera and Lazarus Zanamwe.
Frayne, Bruce et al. (2010). “The State of Urban Food Insecurity in Southern Africa.” Urban Food Security Series No. 2. Queen’s University and AFSUN: Kingston and Cape Town. REFERENCES
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oUThern a frIca AfricAn food Security urbAn network (AfSun) AfricAn food Security urbAn network (AfSun) urbAn food Security SerieS no. 2 The State of Urban Food Insecurity in Southern Africa Bruce Frayne, Wade Pendleton, Jonathan Crush, Ben Acquah, Jane Battersby-Lennard, Eugenio Bras, Asiyati Chiweza, Tebogo Dlamini, Robert Fincham, Florian Kroll, Clement Leduka, Aloysius Mosha, Chileshe Mulenga, Peter Mvula, Akiser Pomuti, Ines Raimundo, Michael Rudolph, Shaun Ruysenaa, Nomcebo Simelane, Daniel Tevera, Maxton Tsoka, Godfrey Tawodzera and Lazarus Zanamwe. series editors Jonathan Crush and Bruce Frayne
Note Those who contributed to the development of the survey on which this paper is based include Marie Caesar, David Coetzee, Percy Toriro, Miriam Grant, Belinda Dodson, Thando Gwebu, Alice Hovorka, Susan Parnell and Cecilia Rocha. Over 200 students and community workers were trained in fieldwork methods and administered the survey. The data entry and management was undertaken by Christa Schier and her team at the University of Namibia. The Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA) is acknowledged for providing questions used in this survey to measure food insecurity. The survey and this publication were supported by funding from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) under its University Partners in Cooperation and Devel- opment (UPCD) Tier One Program and from Queen’s University.
© AFSUN 2010 ISBN
978-0-9869820-1-9
First published 2010 Design and cover design by Welma Odendaal All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publishers. Bound and printed by Unity Press, Cape Town
1 Introduction 7 2 Rapid Urbanization in Southern Africa 10 AFSUN Survey Methodology 12 3 Demographic and Social Profile of Urban Households 14
Household Size
Household Headship
3.3 16 3.4 Age Distribution of Household Members 16 3.5 Household Migration 17 4 Economic Profile of Urban Households 19
Household Income
Levels of Urban Poverty
Household Expenditures on Food
5 Sources of Food for the Urban Poor 24 6 Levels of Food Insecurity in SADC Cities 27 6.1 Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) 28 6.2 Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence Indicator (HFIAP) 29 6.3 Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) 30 6.4 Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning Indicator (MAHFP)
7. Determinants of Urban Household Food Insecurity 34
Household Type and Food Insecurity
Household Size and Food Insecurity
Poverty, Incomes and Food Insecurity
Employment, Education and Food Insecurity
Food Insecurity and Sources of Food
Food Prices and Food Security
Transfers, Remittances and Food Security
Migration and Food Insecurity 47 8 Conclusions 49 End Notes 51 Contents
Figures and Tables FIGURES Figure 1: The Dimensions of Urban
Food Security 9 Figure 2: Urban Population in AFSUN
Countries 11 Figure 3: SADC Urban Population
Growth
11 Figure 4: Distribution of Urban
Household Size 14 Figure 5: Age Distribution of Urban
Population 17 Figure 6: Sources of Urban Household
Income
19 Figure 7: Population Living Below
$2/Day Poverty Line, 2007 20 Figure 8: Mean Per Capita Household
Income 21 Figure 9: Lived Poverty Index for
Selected Countries 22 Figure 10: Lived Poverty Indexes for
Survey Cities 22 Figure 11: Perceptions of Poverty 23 Figure 12: Levels of Household Food
Insecurity 30 Figure 13: Months of Adequate
Household Provisioning 33 Figure 14: Adequate Household
Provisioning by Month 33 Figure 15: Food Security and Average
Household Size 36 Figure 16: Food Security and Lived
Poverty Index 37 Figure 17: Food Security and
Household Income 37 Figure 18: Food Security and Source
of Income 38 Figure 19: Food Security and
Employment Status 39 Figure 20: Food Security and Level
of Education 41 Figure 21: Food Security and Sources
of Food 42 Figure 22: Urban Agriculture and Food Security
Figure 23: Impact of Food Price
Changes
44 Figure 24: Economic Condition of
Household Compared to a Year Ago 45 Figure 25: Remittances of Cash and Goods as Monthly Income
Table 1: Typology of Households
Surveyed 15 Table 2: Sex Breakdown of
Population 16 Table 3: Characteristics of Population 17 Table 4: Lifetime Migration 18 Table 5: Food Purchase as Proportion
of Household Expenditure 23 Table 6: Household Sources of Food 24 Table 7: Food Transfers to Households
over the Past Year 26 Table 8: Average HFIAS Score by
City, 2008 28 Table 9: Household Food Insecurity
Access Prevalence 29 Table 10: Household Dietary Diversity 31 Table 11: Household Type and Food
Security Status 35 Table 12: Education and Income Levels
and Food Security Status 40 Table 13: Food Aid and Food
43 Table 14: Migrant Households and
48 Table 15: Migrant Workers in
Security Status 48 urban food security series no. 2
7 1 Introduction In 1996, Simon Maxwell observed that “it has been impossible since the early 1980s to speak credibly of food security as being a problem of food supply, without at least making reference to the importance of access and entitlement.” 1 Maxwell was referring to the sea-change in thinking about food security that followed the publication of Amartya Sen’s seminal work, Poverty and Famines, in 1981. Sen argued that sufficient food is often available, even in the midst of devastating rural famine and acute hunger. Rather, food insecurity was more often about inability to access food rather than the absolute amount of food available. 2 Sen’s
vision of dearth amidst plenty is very relevant to the urban areas of contemporary Africa. Shelves and bins in supermarkets in most cities groan with fresh and processed foodstuffs while on the doorstep poor households are unable to access enough staples to feed themselves more than once a day. Food may be more plentiful and more diverse in the city than the countryside but it is far from being uniformly accessible. As Bryant notes: “The donor [and government] emphasis on increasing production as a response to hunger is limited, since a substantial part of the problem is that poor people cannot afford to purchase the food they need.” 3 That comment was made over 20 years ago but is just as pertinent today. International organizations, donors and governments have recently reached a new consensus that the solution to food insecurity in Africa lies in massive inputs into smallholder production across the conti- nent. 4
produced. South Africa, for example, produces sufficient food to guar- antee an adequate diet for all. Why, then, is the incidence of urban (and rural) under-nutrition shockingly high in that country? And, more generally, why do government and international agencies and foreign donors continue to insist that increasing agricultural production by small farmers is the solution to food insecurity, even in countries like South Africa? 5 Urban food security is not, and has never been, simply an issue of how much food is produced. At the 1996 World Food Summit in Rome, the international commu- nity adopted a much broader definition of food security which has since become the industry standard:
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 6
8 African Food Security Urban Network (Afsun) the state of urban food security in southern africa The definition reflects the post-Sen consensus that food production is only one element of food security. Other key elements included food availability, food accessibility, food reliability, food quality and food pref- erence (Figure 1). Comparative information on the various dimensions and determinants of food insecurity in Southern Africa’s towns and cities is currently lacking. One of the key unanswered questions is whether the state of food inse- curity varies not only between countries but between urban areas, and why. Clearly, the level of food insecurity in any particular city cannot be explained outside of its global, regional, national and local context. While these contextual factors are well beyond the control or influence of individual households, they profoundly affect their food security. The food price shocks of 2008-9 brought this home in a powerful way. 7 In
many parts of the world, the food insecure responded to the price shocks with protests and bread riots. In order to provide baseline information on the state of urban food inse- curity in Southern Africa, AFSUN planned and implemented an eleven city survey in eight SADC countries in 2008-9. The resultant regional data base is a rich source of information for evidence-based policy-making on food security. This paper begins with an overview of the growing importance of urbanization in Southern Africa. It then discusses the methodology used in the AFSUN Survey. Basic demographic informa- tion on the urban poor follows. Then the paper presents and discusses the survey findings, focusing on the following questions: I What are the levels of food insecurity amongst poor urban house- holds? I What is the relationship between poverty and food insecurity? I Where do the urban poor get their food? I What factors influence urban household food insecurity? The analysis focuses on the picture that emerges from the regional data- base but also highlights important differences between participating cities. Finally, the paper examines the SADC policy environment from an urban food security perspective, and highlights various policy implications that arise from the research.
urban food security series no. 2
9 nutritional status
Under nutrition Over nutrition Source: Adapted from Kennedy, “Food Security in the Context of Urban Sub-Saharan Africa.” Figure 1
The Dimensions of Urban Food Security socio-economic and political Global context Trade & global markets Agricultural subsidies Food prices Food aid Agribusiness Global policy agenda Supermarketization regional context Regional integration Regional trade flows national context Macroeconomic policy Agriculture Agribusiness Urbanization Population Food security policies Resource endowment Municipal context City governance Food supply chains Pop distribution Land
Water Transportation Informal sector food
reliability Seasonality Drought Income variation food preference Cultural practices Personal taste Convenience Taste transfer food accessibility Income Market access Home production Social protection Household size food
quality Dietry diversity Nutritional quality Energy intake food availability Rural production Imports
Urban agriculture Rural-urban Transfers Supermarkets Informal sector
10 African Food Security Urban Network (Afsun) the state of urban food security in southern africa 2 Rapid Urbanization in Southern Africa In 2007, the proportion of humanity living in urban areas passed 50%, marking the first time in the history of the planet that more people live in urban centres than in rural areas. 8 As the global population continues to grow toward a mid-century estimate of 9-10 billion, the majority of this demographic increase will be in cities; and approximately 95% of that growth will be concentrated in the cities of the developing world. 9 Future urban growth will be most intense in Asia and Africa, and these two regions will have the largest urban populations on the planet by 2030: 2.66 billion and 748 million respectively. 10 At twice the global average, the pace of urbanization is already highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The average rate of urban growth for SSA is close to four percent and this positive trend is expected to persist for decades to come. 11
The number of people living in urban areas is rising particularly rapidly in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). With an annual urbanization rate that exceeds the global average and persistent and growing urban poverty, urban development challenges are set to intensify over the coming decades. Southern Africa has a regional population of approximately 210 million, at least 100 million of whom already live in urban and peri-urban areas. By 2020, this figure is estimated to rise to 150 million and to exceed 200 million by 2030. 12 In the nine SADC countries in which AFSUN currently operates, more than one third of the popu- lation is already urban (Figure 2). Although this distribution is uneven between countries, more than 60% of the population of Botswana and South Africa is urban. The UN’s urban population projections for SADC as a whole indicate that the city-based population of these countries will reach 40% in 2010 and climb to over 60% by mid-century (Figure 3). Rapid urbanization is not associated with increased incomes and better standards of living in the SADC as it is in some other developing regions. 13 Moreover, poor urban households are facing significant pres- sures as a direct result of the current global economic crisis and the high price of food staples. Consequently, urban food security is an emerging area of development concern which is fundamentally different to ques- tions of food security within the rural and agricultural sectors. Yet little is known about the extent of food insecurity in the cities and towns of Southern Africa, making it difficult for development practitioners and policy-makers to quantify the challenge and to proactively plan to reduce the food gap that exists in urban areas. There is some case study evidence urban food security series no. 2
11 70 – 60 –
50 – 40 –
30 – 20 –
10 – 0 –
Botswana 60 61 25 25 19 37 37 37 37 38 37 Lesotho Mala
wi Mozambique Namibia South
Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabw
e Mean
Midean fig 2.pdf 1 15/07/2010 8:45 AM 70 – 60 –
50 – 40 –
30 – 20 –
10 – 0 –
1990 2000
2010 2020
2030 2040
2050 31 35 40 46 50 57 66 fig 3.pdf 1 13/07/2010 1:34 PM Figure 2 Urban Population in AFSUN Countries Source: Adapted from UN, World Urbanization Prospects: 2007 Revision Population Database Figure 3
SADC Urban Population Growth Source: Adapted from UN World Urbanization Prospects: 2007 Revision Population Database 12 African Food Security Urban Network (Afsun) the state of urban food security in southern africa about the extent of food insecurity in some SADC cities, but the different methodologies used make comparisons difficult. In order to instate urban food security on the general food security policy agenda, and to develop evidence-led policy responses, rigorous and reli- able data on the extent and determinants of urban food security is needed. A regional picture of urban food insecurity in Southern Africa requires a coordinated regional household survey with a common methodology and research instrument. No such exercise has been conducted to date, partially accounting for the relative ‘invisibility’ of urban food security in policy making and national food security strategies. 14 In order to provide a picture of the state of urban food insecurity in Southern Africa, the African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) undertook a baseline urban food security survey in eleven cities in nine countries in Southern Africa in 2008-9. Download 442.44 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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