The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Literature In his chapter “Nature Writers and the Animal Story” for Carl F. Klink’s Literary History of Canada (1965), Alec Lucas sketches a history from the early nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth. He identifies a range of genres, from the nature essay and sportsman’s book, to the back-to-nature narrative and the farm story, as well as three major forms of writing about animals: the legend, the nature novel, and the animal story (383-393). The last of which, Lucas subdivides into the children’s story, the biography, and the short story (394). Using his overview, which does not include Aboriginal literatures, it seems that the nature essay and sportsman’s narratives are the oldest genres. The former originates with books like Catherine Parr Traill’s The Backwoods of Canada (1836) and Philip Henry Gosse’s The Canadian Naturalist (1840), and the latter with hunting anecdotes like those in Thomas Magrath’s Authentic Letters from Upper Canada (1833) and Frederick Tolfrey’s The Sportsman in Canada (1845). In fact, according to Lucas, we must turn to these early settlers for the first Canadian nature writers, many of whom found it necessary to become amateur field-naturalists: They had to live close to nature, whether or not they wished to. Most did not wish to and saw nature as an obstacle on the road to civilization. […] Allmark-Kent 79 Man’s kinship with the wild creatures was usually expressed with rod and gun. Yet some settlers laid these and the axe aside for their quills (383). Whilst this view of the settler “surrounded by a hostile natural world” is true in some cases , Mary Lu MacDonald’s analysis of nineteenth-century Canadian nature writing indicates that the majority were “content with their life in the Canadas” (48, 62). She states: “As far as the literature written and read by our ancestors is concerned, the fact is that before 1850, with few exceptions, all the evidence points to an essentially positive literary view of the Canadian landscape” (48). However, she notes that aesthetic appreciation of the landscape was to be found more often “in poetry than in prose” (49). Instead it is in prose that we tend to find appreciation of Canada’s animals—although it seems that many settlers conveyed this sentiment by writing with their quill in one hand and their gun in the other. Popular perceptions of Canada’s ‘wilderness’ and ‘superabundance’ tipped the exploitation/protection dynamic (discussed in another chapter) firmly in the favour of humanity. For instance, Mary Lu MacDonald describes the levity with which W. B. Wells depicts the deaths of animals in “A Bear Hunt” and “Deer Stalking on the Branch” for Barker’s Magazine in 1846 and 1847 respectively (51-2). She notes that the “ironic humour” in both works “contributes to the impression of a man in control of his environment” (51). Likewise in his own study of nineteenth-century Canadian nature writing, Christoph Irmsher comments that most of these authors “regarded Canada as a kind of gigantic self-serve store where they could hunt, shoot, and fish to their heart’s content” (151). Although many were ostensibly producing ‘nature writing,’ and all tended to have at least “some basic understanding of natural history” (151), any scientific aspirations in their work seem to have been minimal. The “natural history” of John Keast Lord was “done with an axe, not Allmark-Kent 80 the dissecting knife” (152), while that of William Ross King seems to have been conducted on his plate: “Many remarks are about the tasty flesh of animals he has caught […] And thus he merrily eats his way through the Canadian fauna” (153). In reality, these books were less ‘natural history’ and more “intended as bedside reading for the folks back home who were toying with the idea of roughing it out, fishing rod and breechloader in hand, in the wilds of a new country” (Irmscher 151). Yet, even in those books with a less violent and exploitative approach to nature, we still tend to find little engagement with animals as individuals. I suggest that Irmscher’s characterisation of Traill and Gosse’s work as the literary “stocktaking of Canadian nature” (145) can be understood at a deeper level. He proposes that this “patient” work, beginning with the early explorers and taken to new heights by Victorian writers, sought to answer the question: “What is here?” (145). However, if we take Irmscher’s thinking further, we can see that these writers are indeed ‘taking stock’ of Canada’s natural wealth of plants and animals, and perhaps attempting to answer the follow-up question: What is ours? W ith the emergence of both the children’s animal story and animal biography in 1850, we find that engagement with the animal as an individual does increase somewhat. Traill introduced the former in her collection of essays and stories for children, Afar in the Forest (1850), and in the same year her fellow pioneer nature writer, Susanna Moodie, experimented with the latter in Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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