The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
Animal Psychology: Demonstrating and Speculating
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Allmark-KentC
Animal Psychology: Demonstrating and Speculating Romanes, Seton and Roberts all understood animal minds to be a blend of instinct and intelligence. In the preface to Haunters, Roberts concludes that “the actions of animals are governed not only by instinct, but also, in varying degree, by processes essentially akin to those of human reason” (vii). Here it is useful to recall that Romanes defined the ability to learn as the criteria of ‘mind,’ and the intentional application of that knowledge as ‘intelligence’ or ‘reason.’ In Lives of the Hunted, Seton specifies different elements of animal intelligence that echo Romanes’ theory: A wild animal has three sources of wisdom: First, the experience of its ancestors, in the form of instinct, which is inborn learning, hammered into the race by ages of selection and tribulation. This is the most important to begin with, because it guards him from the moment he is born. Second, the experience of his parents and comrades, learned chiefly by example. This becomes most important as soon as the young can run. Third, the personal experience of the animal itself. This grows in importance as the animal ages. The weakness of the first is in its fixity; it cannot change to meet quickly changing conditions. The weakness of the second is the animal’s inability freely to exchange ideas by language. The weakness of the third is the danger in acquiring it. But the three together are a strong arch. (284-5) Allmark-Kent 134 Interestingly these distinctions remain consistent across Seton ’s and Roberts’ work. For instance, when the bear who escaped from the circus in Roberts’ story faces his first winter in the wild, he does not know to hibernate. He was so young when he was captured that he had “not learned to sleep away the time of storm and famine;” now as an adult, no longer controlled by the force of instinct, “it failed him altogether” (Watchers 58). As such, the bear must learn from his own experiences, like an “experiment” with a poisonous toadstool that left him with “excruciating cramps” and taught him to “leave the whole race of fungi” alone (57). Seton’s three stages of the learning process feature in almost every wild animal story (those without it are the short sketches of single incidents) because it demonstrates both nonhuman intelligence and the precarious nature of survival. If all animals were governed by instinct alone, the protagonists denied parental instruction —usually due to the interference of humans—would survive with ease. As such, they also reinforce the importance of knowledge exchange within nonhuman networks. Roberts’ bear only eats fungi again after a female demonstrates the edible varieties for him (57). The solitary animal puts his or her survival at risk when ‘experimenting’ with these strategies, hence showing that nonhuman forms of communication and cooperation are an advantage to survival. According to Romanes, the ‘lowest’ species capable of ‘communication of ideas’ are hymenoptera, for whom it must be necessary for survival in hives. Thus, all birds and mammals should also be capable of information exchange. The most unusual examples of such communication can be found in Seton’s speculations around language and teaching. On the whole, he was much more willing to experiment with his representations than Roberts. Perhaps due to the difference in how they gained their knowledge of wild animals, their willingness Allmark-Kent 135 to play and speculate tends to vary. Roberts’ might explore different situations (for instance, what happens if a semi-domesticated animal is returned to the wild?) but remains as realistic and close to the facts as possible. On the other hand, Seton’s humour and playful language is often accompanied by speculations about the animal’s mind and perspective. On these occasions, he often uses anthropomorphic metaphors or analogies to signal that he is in this more speculative mode. In “Raggylug,” for instance, he imagines the story of the Brierpatch when the young rabbit is learning escape routes Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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