The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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merely one that he had marked but one that he had watched many times
since marking. She was completely deceived, utterly unconscious of the danger. (37, emphasis added) Evans’ sense of ownership, his concern for this “special fish” is arbitrary, but (most importantly) it is not recognized as such. Now that he has marked her, and knows her, his moral concern has been roused. The urge to protect is hard Allmark-Kent 157 to resist. Yet in the meantime, he will no doubt continue to catch other unmarked, non-special fish without concern for their li ves and its “series of chances.” The arbitrary nature of human concern is at the core of our relationship with nonhuman beings. Our fickle sympathy for one animal over another is usually predicated on our ability to sense their biography in order to perceive their individuality. Yet the ‘ordinary’ nature of Spring is crucial for Haig-Brown’s efforts to advocate on behalf of all salmon of the Columbia river system. In the foreword written in 1974, he reflects: The lives and deaths of Spring and the other chinook salmon described in this book occurred more than thirty year ago, in the early stages of the orgy of dam-building that transformed the Columbia from a magnificent river to a series of freshwater impoundments. There never has been another such river on the face of the earth; there never will be again until all the dams have rotted out and washed away and some thousands of years of healing time has passed —perhaps not then. (iv) Here, then, we encounter the first of the overt, directed conservation messages of the twentieth-century texts. Rather than a general plea against hunting or abuse, Haig-Brown writes in response to a specific threat. This indicates both the changing focus of the genre and the steady public recognition of environmental degradation. Now the wild animal story offers advocacy on behalf of the suffering individual and the suffering species: The Columbia system was at the very heart of the chinook salmon’s range and so favourable to the species that chinooks ran to it every month of the year […] There was nothing random or capricious about these runs; each was a sub-race precisely adapted to the conditions of its own watershed […] Many, very many, of these stocks have been wiped out and it is unlikely they can ever be replaced. Dams have blocked off more than 60 percent of the Columbia’s spawning areas; pathetic remnants of the runs still struggle up past some of the dams and into the distant headwaters (iv). He explains that, for the remaining individuals, migration delays at the dams “take their toll,” and young fish are “destroyed in the turbines and spillways and Allmark-Kent 158 by increased numbers of predators in the impoundments” (iv). There are also “heavy losses” in the “nitrogen-saturated waters below the dams” (iv). I suggest that, uniquely, Haig- Brown’s conservation message hinges on the idea of the salmon’s quality of life. As a wild animal that can also be farmed, salmon will not become truly endangered whilst humans still have an appetite for them. Again, he uses Evans as a mouthpiece. This time he reflects on the reasons why the continued survival of salmon in the wild is so important: In a way it didn’t really matter; there was the big flat-bottomed scow tied to the far bank and they would come and gather the fish into that, take them up to the ponds, hold them to ripeness and strip the eggs from them. The result probably wouldn’t be much less good than natural spawning and it might be better. He thought of the cost and weighed it against the acres of good spawning upstream, but he knew that was not what disturbed him […] The salmon were the river, they were the country, of and helping to make it. In words, he told himself, it becomes meaningless, merely sentimental. But you can feel it, know that this is Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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