The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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anything about the lives of salmon that Rich validates Haig-
Brown’s ‘experiment’ as worthwhile. Through the human characters and their experiment, however, we can detect the problematic nature of this desire to know the animal. Observing young salmon (the offspring of the dying female he had watched previously), Evans becomes preoccupied with the mystery of their migratory journey: “[He] looked hard at the little fish in the eddy. He was thinking of the big female, wondering if any of them might have come from her eggs. He felt that he wanted to know more about them, if possible somehow make them his own ” (26, emphasis added). To achieve this ‘ownership,’ Evans decides to “mark” some of the fish (26). He asks Don for advice and his reply is disturbingly blunt: “Use a good sharp pair of nail clippers and take the adipose fin and the left ventral right off at the base. That’s the combination they are using for this stream in this year’s experiment” (26). With an anthropocentric disregard for the maimed individuals, the only concerns are whether this combination of ‘marking’ will get confused with those of the other experiments. Evans expresses no anxiety about the possibility that this could hurt or harm the fish. Indeed, Haig-Brown seems reluctant to describe the potentially painful or distressing experiences of his salmon protagonist. In instances of a human inflicting harm on a fish, Haig- Brown’s narrative remains with the human perspective. For instance, when Spring is ‘marked’ it is from Evans’ point of Allmark-Kent 154 view: “he fumbled in his pocket and brought out a small pair of clippers […] Holding her firmly, but with a slow, almost an awed gentleness, he clipped off the little fatty fin above her tail, turned her in his hand, and clipped away he left ventral” (33). Haig-Brown emphasizes the care and caution with which Evans mutilates the young fish, rather than exploring the possibility of her pain. Indeed, it is only when the ordeal is over that the narration returns to Spring’s perspective: “her panic returned and she swam off, a little queerly, towards the bottom. She found a place between two stones […] and lay there, still as a stick, her head in the shade” (33). The question of whether fish feel pain remains a surprisingly contentious issue. Detection of painful stimuli require s “nociceptors,” which are present in birds, mammals, amphibians, and invertebrates such as leeches and sea slugs (Morell 68). Nociceptors can be found in fish around their upper and lower lips, chin, gills, and eyes (68). Recent studies into the responses of rainbow trout to painful stimuli (an injection of bee venom or acetic acid into their lips) have found: The trout rocked back and forth, something that primates do when they are distressed. Those injected with acid rubbed their lips on the gravel and a gainst the sides of the tank […] Tellingly, for three hours afterward, the injected fish didn’t touch a morsel of food. (68) For two or three days after her fins have been clipped, “Spring’s movements” are “awkward and uncertain” and she “scarcely” feeds at all (Return 33). Although she makes “small tentative movements from her hiding place,” she remains hidden until the fourth day (33). The change in her behaviour indicates distress and an emotional response to the pain she suffered. Again, however, Haig-Brown is strategically vague here. In the description of the long-term effect, he is simultaneously reductive and empathetic: Allmark-Kent 155 The loss of her adipose fin affected her not at all —the little fin was nothing more than a degenerate survival from some earlier state of evolution and served no useful purpose. But she had to readjust her whole body to the loss of the one ventral fin, and the short journey from the old Senator’s hand to the shelter of the rocks at the bottom had been enough to destroy her easy confidence in her power of movement through the water. The exact balance that held her evenly poised in the water at all times was destroyed; and her power of quick and certain movement up or down was impaired. (34, emphasis added) Whilst unwilling to speculate on her pain, Haig-Brown does imagine that she feels “confidence.” Likewise, although he refuses to enter her perspective whilst in the hands of a human, Haig-Brown is strikingly zoocentric when he considers the impact on her movements and self-assurance in her environment. Again, I attribute this to the influence of the proponents of behaviourism as we will find similar contradictory representations in Bodsworth’s Last of the Curlews. Moreover Haig- Brown’s reluctance to prioritize the salmon’s perspective when she is in pain illustrates some of the factors inhibiting our ability to empathize with fish. It is particularly difficult for us to engage with non- mammalian individuals because we cannot read emotions or expressions in such ‘alien’ faces. As Balcombe explains in The Exultant Ark: Because fishes don’t make facial expressions, because they don’t scream or shout, many people continue to deny that they are capable of pain or suffering. But fishes manifest their fear and pain in other ways, including the release of fear and pain chemicals. Fishes have long-term memories, they recognize familiar individuals and have social preferences, they even cooperate, and they have disputes and then reconcile. Rapidly mounting scientific evidence shows them to be sentient like other vertebrates. (190) The difficulty we experience in recognizing this sentience is exacerbated by a number of factors: the ‘alterity’ of a fish’s underwater existence; the common perception of their face as ‘ugly’ (barring those few exceptions whose bright, tropical colouring combines with high levels of neoteny, like clownflish, the species chosen for the protagonist of Finding Nemo); the fact that we most often see them in large, apparently homogeneous groups, which makes it easy Allmark-Kent 156 to dismiss individuals as simply one object among many. Evans’ awareness that he cannot distinguish between individual salmon leads him to impose an anthropocentric mark that he can interpret. His act signifies her as an individual but also as an object without sensation or autonomy over its own body. She is separate and independent from humans yet somehow owned as part of his ‘experiment.’ Despite the violence of Evans’ act—both the physical mutilation and the desire to ‘own’ a wild animal—it is helpful for our understanding of empathy in a number of ways. Spring is not an ‘animal hero,’ she is ‘average’ and ‘ordinary.’ Our concern for her is arbitrary. She is simply one of the fish Evans happens to catch and mark. She is the one whose journey we follow. This suggests, then, that there is nothing extraordinary about her to ‘justify’ our empathy. If we recall Roberts’ story, “Little Wolf of the Air,” we find a similar emphasis on biography in the contextualization of a wild animal. In common with the human who watches the dragonfly, we (and Evans) observe Spring and learn something of her history. There is no reason, therefore, why we cannot extend the same concern to any of the ‘unknown’ fish around her. Just as in Roberts’ story, the human character is unaware of the arbitrary nature of this concern; however when Spring is threatened by a looming heron, Evans intervenes: she had a thousand such dangers to face before she could return to the pool to spawn. She would survive or not survive and to give her life once might be little enough gain. It was interesting to watch, to have followed it thorough its series of chances […] Yet Spring was a special fish, not Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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