The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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to fact, and while he can vouch for the veracity of the introduction, he
suspects the remaining five chapters to be the product of an ant’s imagination and, therefore, pure fiction. (8, emphasis added) Here we can detect the wild animal story’s self-conscious relationship between fact and fiction, as well as its attempts to explore the nonhuman mind. Not only does Grove’s text provide a ‘factual’ “picture of antdom,” it is apparently the product of a nonhuman mind. Likewise, the references to “definite individuals” evoke Seton’s declarations in Wild Animals I Have Known and Animal Heroes that his stories describe the lives of real animals, or else that a composite of individuals served as models for his narratives. Indeed, as the introduction demonstrates, we might (as Burroughs did) playfully am end Seton’s title to apply to Grove’s parody: Wild Ants I Have Known. The introduction is written from the perspective of F.P.G., a fictional editor who shares Grove’s initials. It narrates the editor’s encounter with the ‘ant author,’ but also includes a discussion of animal psychology somewhat in the style of Seton or Roberts. He explains: “It has long been a question interesting to both the zoologist and the animal psychologist how to interpret the social life of certain members of the order Hymenoptera ” (12). Echoing Roberts’ prefaces, he asserts: “The present book, I believe, will settle that question. The Formicarian author […] reveals a world of which, I venture to say, few men have ever dreamt” (12). Grove’s language is particularly reminiscent of the preface for Kindred of the Wild. H e also criticises the concept of ‘instinct’ as reductive: Allmark-Kent 199 A good deal of literature has been written to account for the seemingly automatic functioning of the ant-state. How does the queen know what to do? How do the first minims learn to go out and cut leaves? On the whole, instinct has been held to explain it all. […] Instinct is a convenient word without real meaning which, for that very reason, serves admirably to veil the ignorance of those who use it. There can be no doubt any longer that, as with us, not instinct, but tradition and education furnish the true explanation of the facts: that much this book settles beyond question. (17-8) In this statement we can perceive Grove’s complex engagement with both science and the wild animal story. By challenging interpretations of ant behaviour based on instinct, Grove assists the reader’s acceptance of his zoocentric, imaginative challenge. He emphasizes what we do not know in order to evade accusations that his speculation is ‘inaccurate.’ What if our perceptions of ants are wrong? What if they are capable of much more than the simple, automatic functioning of explanations based on instinct? His emphasis on learning and intelligence connotes the writing of George Romanes, as well as Seton and Roberts. Indeed, recent research would suggest that these assertions are not so unrealistic: I h ad come to Frank’s lab because in the course of asking questions like these, he had discovered that his rock ants teach. […] Franks’s idea that ants teach each other fit in with a wealth of studies over the last decade showing that insects’ cognitive abilities are surprisingly rich. (Morell 34-5) It is important to recognize, however, that these claims regarding instinct are made using the voice of F.P.G. and not Grove himself. Indeed, he layers the text using two first-person narrators: first the editor and then the ant author. Thus, these dual narrators enable Grove to distance himself from the text and disrupt its reliability. Where Seton, in particular, asserted both the reliability of his factual stories and himself as the scientific investigator, Grove destabilizes his authority and authorial voice. As su ch, we learn little of Grove’s own perception of ants. Allmark-Kent 200 In the introduction, F.P.G. identifies himself as an “amateur myrmecologist” and narrates an expedition to Venezuela for “the purpose of hunting down one or two colonies of the leaf-cutter ant of inte rtropical America” (12-3). This section is highly reminiscent of Seton’s tendency to insert himself into the narrative as the amateur naturalist. As I have discussed previously in this thesis, these semi-autobiographical stories positioned Seton as the observer and constructed the stories as anecdotal evidence. Hence, they implied that the animals depicted were real and that Seton had known them. Likewise, Grove’s introduction narrates F.P.G.’s observations of the ants he sets out to study as well as his interactions with one individual ant. In a potential reference to Seton’s story of himself investigating the kangaroo rat, F.P.G. asserts: I never dug into the burrows of the colony. I felt I had no right to destroy their elaborate works just because I had the physical power to do so; and that, I believe, was one of the reasons why I was singled out for the mission with which I am entrusted. (16) Seton, we may recall, destroyed and mapped the entire burrow of the kangaroo rat. When F.P.G. first disturbs travelling lines of ants, they linger for a moment “surveying the scene” and the narrator asserts that he was “much impressed with their air of del iberation” (18). He adds that they seemed “oddly intelligent” (19). The scene and the language that Grove uses to describe it, are reminiscent of Derrida’s encounter with his cat in “The Animal That Therefore I Am.” He describes the cat’s gaze as “uninterpretable, unreadable, undecideable” (381). Indeed, Grove’s narrator expresses this same sense of the unknowable, of something behind the look: “I was being surveyed and appraised by alien eyes connected with an intelligence beyond my mental grasp” (Grove 19). He experiences “shivers” and “confusion” (19) and feels “unbalanced” (20). Nonetheless, he continues to observe the ants: “Often Allmark-Kent 201 nothing worth recording happened for many days. Yet even uneventful hours served to establish a certain relationship which led to most extraordinary events” (13). Eventually he has an encounter with a single ant, Wawa-quee, who climbs a tree so that she is at eye-level with him. Her positioning equalizes the relationship, disrupting the usual dichotomy between human observer and observed animal. Instead she establishes herself as a unique, autonomous, Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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