Theme: Football hooligans Plan: Behaviou and early history

Fergana State University

Faculty of Fine Arts and engineering graphics
Student of _______ group
ALIMUKHAMADIYON mehrinoz

Theme: Football hooligans

Plan:

1. 
   Behaviou and early history
   
2. 
   Causes, subculture and anti-hooligan measures
   
3. 
   Hooliganism in Europe
   
4. 
   Recourses
   

Football hooliganism, also known as soccer hooliganism,^[1] football rioting or soccer rioting, constitutes violence and other destructive behaviours perpetrated by spectators at association football events. Football hooliganism normally involves conflict between gangs, in English known as football firms (derived from the British slang for a criminal gang), formed to intimidate and attack supporters of other teams. Other English-language terms commonly used in connection with hooligan firms include "army", "boys", "bods", "casuals", and "crew". Certain clubs have long-standing rivalries with other clubs and hooliganism associated with matches between them (sometimes called local derbies) is likely to be more severe.
Conflict may take place before, during or after matches. Participants often select locations away from stadiums to avoid arrest by the police, but conflict can also erupt spontaneously inside the stadium or in the surrounding streets.^[3][4] In extreme cases, hooligans, police, and bystanders have been killed, and riot police have intervened.^[5] Hooligan-led violence has been called "aggro" (short for "aggression") and "bovver" (the Cockney pronunciation of "bother", i.e. trouble).
Hooligans who have the time and money may follow national teams to away matches and engage in hooligan behaviour against the hooligans of the home team. They may also become involved in disorder involving the general public. While national-level firms do not exist in the form of club-level firms, hooligans supporting the national team may use a collective name indicating their allegiance.^{[citation needed]}
Football hooliganism involves a wide range of behaviour, including:

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  taunting, often with racial slurs or hate speech
  
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  spitting
  
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  unarmed fighting
  
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  use of laser pens to disorient players of the opposing team
  
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  throwing of objects on to the pitch, either in an attempt to harm players and officials or as a gesture of insult.
  
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  throwing of objects at opposing supporters, including stones, bricks, coins, flares, fireworks and Molotov cocktails.^[3][4]
  
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  fighting with weapons including sports bats, glass bottles, rocks, rebar, knives, machetes and firearms.^[6]
  
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  disorderly crowd behaviour such as pushing, which may cause stadium fixtures such as fences and walls to collapse. Similar effects can occur when law-abiding crowds try to flee disorder caused by hooligans.^[7]
  
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  burning the pitch and placing the emblem of a rival team in the grass.
  
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  In some places, there is vandalism in the form of graffiti sprayed to promote football teams, especially in derby cities.
  
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  A highly violent and severe hooliganism may considered as an act of terrorism, especially those involving weapons. Violent hooliganism may cause intervention from a riot police or in some countries, the military.
  
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  Violence generally associated with team sporting events and their outcomes possesses a documented history, going at least as far back as the Nika Riots during the Byzantine Empire.^[8]
  
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  The first instance of violence associated with modern team sports is unknown, but the phenomenon of football related violence can be traced back to 14th-century England. In 1314, Edward II banned football (at that time, a violent, unruly activity involving rival villages kicking a pig's bladder across the local heath) because he believed the disorder surrounding matches might lead to social unrest, or even treason.^[9] According to a University of Liverpool academic paper, conflict at an 1846 match in Derby, England, required a reading of the riot act and two groups of dragoons to effectively respond to the disorderly crowd. This same paper also identified "pitch invasions" as a common occurrence during the 1880s in English football.^[10]
  
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  The first recorded instances of football hooliganism in the modern game allegedly occurred during the 1880s in England, a period when gangs of supporters would intimidate neighbourhoods, in addition to attacking referees, opposing supporters and players. In 1885, after Preston North End beat Aston Villa 5–0 in a friendly match, both teams were pelted with stones, attacked with sticks, punched, kicked and spat at. One Preston player was beaten so severely that he lost consciousness and press reports at the time described the fans as "howling roughs".^[9] The following year, Preston fans fought Queen's Park fans in a railway station—the first alleged instance of football hooliganism outside of a match. In 1905, a number of Preston fans were tried for hooliganism, including a "drunk and disorderly" 70-year-old woman, following their match against Blackburn Rovers.^[9]
  
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  Although instances of football crowd violence and disorder have been a feature of association football throughout its history^[11] (e.g. Millwall's ground was reportedly closed in 1920, 1934 and 1950 after crowd disturbances), the phenomenon only started to gain the media's attention in the late 1950s due to the re-emergence of violence in Latin American football. In the 1955–56 English football season, Liverpool and Everton fans were involved in a number of incidents and, by the 1960s, an average of 25 hooligan incidents were being reported each year in England. The label "football hooliganism" first began to appear in the English media in the mid-1960s,^[12] leading to increased media interest in, and reporting of, acts of disorder. It has been argued that this, in turn, created a 'moral panic' out of proportion with the scale of the actual problem.^[13]
  

Football hooliganism has factors in common with juvenile delinquency and what has been called "ritualized male violence".^[14] Sports Studies scholars Paul Gow and Joel Rookwood at Liverpool Hope University found in a 2008 study that "Involvement in football violence can be explained in relation to a number of factors, relating to interaction, identity, legitimacy and power. Football violence is also thought to reflect expressions of strong emotional ties to a football team, which may help to reinforce a supporter's sense of identity."^[15] In relation to the Heysel Stadium disaster one study from 1986 claimed that alcohol, irregular tickets sales, the disinterest of the organisers and the "'cowardly ineptitude'" of the police had led to the tragedy. Gow and Rookwood's 2008 study, which used interviews with British football hooligans found that while some identified structural social and physiological causes (e.g. aggression produces violent reactions) most interviewees claimed that media reports (especially in newspapers) and the police's handling of hooligan related events were the main causes of hooliganism.^[15] Political reasons may also play in part in hooliganism, especially if there is a political undertone to such a match (e.g. unfriendly nations facing each other).^[16] Other deep division undertones in a match such as religion, ethnic, and class play a part as well in hooliganism.^[17]
As an attempt to explain the hooliganism phenomena in Brazil, Nepomuceno and other scholars at Federal University of Pernambuco have assessed 1363 hooligan incidents before and after an alcohol sanction enforced during 8 years. While alcohol presented low evidence of contribution to the incidents of violence, the knockout phases, finals, competitiveness (derby matches), small score boundaries and the pride levels were some of the potentials for the violence among sports spectators. Months after the work being conducted, the State Legislature of Pernambuco decided to abolish the sanction to allow alcohol intake in stadiums.^[18] Writing for the BBC in 2013,^[19] David Bond stated that in the UK, [h]igh-profile outbreaks of violence involving fans are much rarer today than they were 20 or 30 years ago. The scale of trouble now compared to then doesn't bear comparison – either in terms of the number of people involved or the level of organisation. Football has moved on thanks to banning orders and better, more sophisticated policing. And while it is too simplistic to say that the higher cost of watching football has pushed unsavoury elements out, there has been a shift in the way people are expected to behave inside grounds. Offensive chants are still way too commonplace but actual fighting doesn't happen very often.

Football hooligans often appear to be less interested in the football match than in the associated violence. They often engage in behaviour that risks them being arrested before the match, denied admittance to the stadium, ejected from the stadium during the match or banned from attending future matches. Hooligan groups often associate themselves with, and congregate in, a specific section (called an end in England) of their team's stadium, and sometimes they include the section's name in the name of their group. In the United Kingdom, 1960s and early 1970s football hooliganism was associated with the skinhead subculture. Later, the casual subculture transformed the British football hooligan scene. Instead of wearing working-class skinhead-style clothes, which readily identified hooligans to the police, hooligans began wearing designer clothes and expensive "offhand" sportswear (clothing worn without careful attention to practical considerations), particularly Stone Island, Prada, Burberry, CP Company, Sergio Tacchini and Adidas.^[20]
Police and civil authorities in various countries with hooligan problems have taken a number of measures, including:

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  banning items that could be used as weapons or missiles in stadiums, and searching suspected hooligans
  
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  banning identified hooligans from stadiums, either formally via judicial orders, or informally by denying them admittance on the day
  
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  moving to all-seated stadiums, which reduces the risk of disorderly crowd movement
  
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  segregating opposing fans, and fencing enclosures to keep fans away from each other and off the pitch
  
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  banning opposing fans from matches and/or ordering specific matches to be played behind closed doors
  
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  compiling registers of known hooligans
  
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  restricting the ability of known hooligans to travel overseas
  
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  playing games behind closed doors