Theme: polysemy subject: Lexicology Compiled by: Tursunboyev Sardor, group -60 Supervisor: F. f f. d. (PhD) Gavharoy Isroiljon kizi Andizhan 2023 Theme: Polysemy

Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovations of the Republic of Uzbekistan



University of Economics and Pedagogy


Faculty of Philology and Teaching Languages
Department of Pedagogy and Teaching Languages
Specialty: Foreign Language and Literature (English Language and Literature - 60230100

COURSE PAPER

Theme: POLYSEMY

Subject: Lexicology
Compiled by: Tursunboyev Sardor, group -60
Supervisor: F.f.f.d. (PhD) Gavharoy Isroiljon kizi

Andizhan 2023
Theme: Polysemy
Plan:
Introduction
The Main part :
1.What Is Polysemy?
2. Historical Background
3. . Defining and Delimiting the Polysemy Phenomenon
4. Types of Polysemy: Regular, Inherent, and Irregular/Idiosyncratic
5. Polysemy and Word Meaning
6. Polysemy in Context and Communication
Connclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
A word is said to be polysemous when it is associated with two or several related senses (e.g., a straight line/a washing on a line/a line of bad decisions; lose a wallet/lose a relative; a handsome man/a handsome gift). It is distinguished from monosemy, where a word form is associated with a single meaning, and homonymy, where a single word form is associated with two or several unrelated meanings (e.g., the ‘financial institution’ and ‘riverside’ meanings of bank). Although the distinctions between polysemy, monosemy, and homonymy may seem clear at an intuitive level, they have proven difficult to draw in practice. Some problems are how to count senses or meanings; how to decide whether two senses are related, and in which way they are related; and how to tell apart polysemy from pragmatic effects that affect lexical meanings. Some tests have been proposed in the literature, but such tests do not give uniform results, in part because there are different ways in which an expression can be polysemous. There is an emerging consensus concerning the following “minimal” taxonomy of polysemy, such that the polysemy a word displays can belong to at least one of the following patterns: (i) irregular or accidental polysemy (e.g.,The Sun is a star/Mary is a star), (ii) regular polysemy (e.g., catch the rabbit/order the rabbit), and (iii) logical or inherent polysemy (e.g., The book is interesting/the book is heavy). The current literature approaches polysemy from different perspectives and research traditions, including lexicography, formal semantics, cognitive linguistics, distributional semantics, psycholinguistics, pragmatics, and computational linguistics.
Polysemy is a linguistic term referring to the phenomenon where a single word or phrase has multiple related meanings. It derives from the Greek words poly (meaning 'many') and sēma (meaning 'sign'). Polysemy is pervasive in natural language and is an essential aspect of language richness and flexibility. The fact that context can determine the specific meaning of a polysemous word illustrates the dynamic nature of language.
Polysemous words are therefore words that have multiple, related meanings. These meanings often share a core concept but differ in specific applications. For example, the word "light" can refer to a physical source of illumination, a color shade, a state of not being heavy, or an aspect of being non-serious in nature. In each case, the word "light" retains a common thread of meaning while being applicable in different contexts.
The opposite of polysemy is monosemy, which is when one word has only one meaning.
Polysemy is related to homonymy (one word that has multiple meanings but is pronounced and/or spelt the same). Additionally, because polysemous words have more than one meaning, they can cause lexical ambiguity. This can happen when someone hears/reads something without the same frame of reference or contextual information as the speaker/writer. For example, 'Let's go to the bank!' isn't clear. Does this mean 'a river bank' or 'a financial institution'?
Our aim Immersed in a world full of material and abstract meanings, the need to know every concept involving an object or phenomenon is common, perhaps the need to name everything one sees, feels, or thinks.