Theme: polysemy subject: Lexicology Compiled by: Tursunboyev Sardor, group -60 Supervisor: F. f f. d. (PhD) Gavharoy Isroiljon kizi Andizhan 2023 Theme: Polysemy

Event-food
. The components of the composite are sometimes referred to as aspects (Cruse, 1986).
In this way, we may distinguish between three main types of polysemy: inherent or logical (dot-object) polysemy, regular polysemy, and irregular or idiosyncratic polysemy. While the first two kinds affect mostly nouns (proper or common) and are often metonymically derived, irregular polysemy affects all types of words and has metaphor as one important source.
There are other phenomena discussed in the context of polysemy in the literature that do not fall under any of the previous kinds. One example is so-called logical metonymy, first discussed by Pustejovsky (1995). These are cases where a verb that subcategorizes for an NP or a gerundive VP syntactically (e.g., “Sam began reading the book’ vs. ‘Sam began the book’), semantically requires a complement with an eventive interpretation. This is taken to involve metonymy because the entity is used to “stand for” the event in question. We will not address these cases any further here, since we think that they are only indirectly related to the phenomenon of polysemy. Strictly speaking, the phenomena that fall under the label logical metonymy do not involve several related senses being associated with a single word.
From the point of view of processing, however, it is not clear that there is any deep difference between dot-object, regular, and (at least some kinds of) idiosyncratic polysemy. Many psycholinguistic studies have focused on regular polysemy, investigating whether it is processed differently from homonymy. Most studies suggest that polysemy resolution differs from homonymy resolution, where (a) readers have to select a specific meaning when the homonym is encountered, (b) there is a clear bias towards the dominant meaning of the homonym, and (c) different homonymous meanings are in competition, so that the meaning that is not selected decays fast. In polysemy resolution, however, (a) there appears not to be a strong bias for the most frequent, or dominant sense, (b) the related senses prime each other, and (c) their mutual activation sustains for some time (MacGregor, Bouwsema, & Klepousniotou, 2015). In addition, words with multiple senses are easier to recognize in lexical decision tasks than words with fewer senses and, in particular, homonyms (Azuma & van Orden, 1997; Rodd, Gaskell, & Marslen-Wilson, 2002). Together, these results suggest that (regular) polysemous senses are stored and represented differently from homonymous meanings (Frisson, 2009, 2015; Klepousniotou, Pike, Steinhauer, & Gracco, 2012; MacGregor et al., 2015).
However, what does seem to make a difference with respect to processing is whether the senses of a polysemous lexical item are closely or distantly related (Klepousniotou, Titone, & Romero, 2008). In a much-discussed paper, Klein and Murphy (2001) argued in favor of a sense enumeration approach to polysemy. In a series of sensicality judgment tasks, they did not find any of the processing differences between polysemous and homonymous senses reported in the studies above (see also Foraker & Murphy, 2012). However, Klein and Murphy’s results could be partly due to the stimuli used in their experiments. The senses of their polysemous words were quite distantly related, such as, for instance ‘shredded paper’ and ‘liberal paper.’ Distant senses such as these seem to behave more like the meanings of homonymous terms (i.e., there tends to be competition between them, cf. Klepousniotou et al., 2008).