Theme: teaching and learning second language using information technology Contents Introduction Main part

3. Cons and Pros of using ICT in teaching ESL reading and writing
Reading, like expressive, happens in a circumstance rather than away from. The intention of a handbook is not erect just in the sentences themselves, but is came from the previous information stocked in the reader’s mind and the processes by which the reader tackles it. ‘We do not find meaning birth belongings nor do we set it into belongings, but between us and belongings it can take place’. I be wary of my window and visualize an empty road, as one different would do share the alike position. However, to me the void means my companion has abandoned, because the kin pickup is not there; to my offspring it method the transport for school has not still reached; to my daughter its wealth the mail carrier is late. The alike setting is elucidated in different habits in accordance with our history news and predilections.
Schema theory
A legendary experiment by Bransford and Johnson requested population to read texts in the way that the following: The process is literally completely natural. First you organize things into various groups contingent upon their cosmetics. Of course, individual pile may be sufficient contingent upon how much skilled is commotion. If you go to the bathroom somewhere else on account of lack of conveniences that is to say the next step, alternatively you are somewhat set. It is main not to overdo some particular endeavor. That is, it is better commotion excessively few belongings immediately than too many. To comprehend this paragraph, the piece of facts is necessary: the travel is about washing clothes. A person the one does not have this fact does not take much consumed the manual. Once the topic is famous, the passing is easy and the understanding level is much taller. The sentences themselves do not change when we know the field, but the understanding they ask to do something socially our minds does. The tradition information into that a text fits, consistently named the blueprint, plays an abundant part in how it is express. L2 readers more need to see what the travel is about. Adams gave American students of French the same texts as Bransford and Johnson, and tested whether they were better or worse at learning new vocabulary when they were told what the passage was about. Her results showed first that they were better at learning vocabulary in the first language, and second that knowing what the passage was about helped them equally in both languages.
Hence this kind of background knowledge is relevant to both L1 and L2 processing. Patricia Carrell tested L2 learners of English with the same texts to see not only whether the presence or absence of context made a difference to how much they could understand, but also the importance of whether the text had precise words like ‘clothes’ and ‘washing machine’, or vague words like ‘things’ and ‘facilities. Both advanced learners and natives once again found lack of context affected their comprehension. However, intermediate L2 learners also found the use of vague words was a hindrance, even if, as we saw in the last chapter, such words are often of high frequency. The provision of context varied in importance according to the stage of L2 learning. At the inception of L2 knowledge, semantic aspects of legal order are as main to understanding as circumstances. One entertaining side effect of Carrell’s research was that, while native speakers had a fair plan of how troublesome the authorizations were for ruling class to understand, non-people born in the country in which he/she dwells acted not! However, later research by Roller and Miombo acted not take the same results: speakers of Shona indeed evoked more of the Bransford and Johnson texts in English than in their native language. Information and ideas electronics cover a wide range of electronics. ICTs concern mechanics finishes and resources that are working to ideas, generate, distribute and manage news. These electronics involve wireless, television, calculating, Internet, friendly networks and etc. In the last ten of something, skilled has happened a growing interest in utilizing calculating and the internet to enhance the effectiveness of education and education completely levels and in both instructional and non-educational scenes. Although at this time the earlier electronics such as transmission, station and phone are likely less consideration, they have a longer and more abundant qualification as instructional finishes. Therefore, the integration of new ICT finishes in the way that desktop computer, mutual whiteboard, LCD projector, Internet and friendly networks in instruction is still in allure babyhood distinguished with the use of earlier electronics in the way that wireless and television. This is due to the limited infrastructure of ICTs and the high costs of access to internet in developing countries. Since the implementation computer system in the 1960s, the Malaysian government has introduced various plans and measures to facilitate the greater integration of Information and Communications Technology to improve capacities of every field, including education. These measures include the enhancement of education and training programmers, provision of an environment conducive to the development of ICT, and provision of incentives for computerization and automation. The concept of ICT in education, as seen by the Ministry of Education, includes systems that enable information gathering, management, manipulation, access, and communication in various forms.
The Ministry has planned three main procedures for ICT in instruction. The first procedure is that of ICT for all students, intention that ICT is secondhand as a facilitator to lower the mathematical breach between the schools. The second procedure emphasizes the part and function of ICT in instruction as a education and education form, as unspecified a subject, and as a subject essentially. Apart from radio and TV set as a education and knowledge form, this tactics stresses the use of the calculating for achieve news, communication, and as a output form. The third tactics stresses utilizing ICT to increase output, efficiency and influence of the administration whole. ICT will be widely used to mechanize and automate work processes in the way that the processing of bureaucratic rules, schedule production, administration of facts wholes, communication preparation, financial administration, and the sustenance of stocks. 2. Literature Review The use of ICT in English as a Second Language teaching and learning is one of the most widely discussed issues in the field of education. A group of ICT researchers claim that using ICT improves education and provides more teaching and learning supports for the teachers and learners. There is no doubt that using ICT in education improves teachers’ instructional process and facilitates students’ learning process. A great number of studies have shown the advantages of using ICT in ESL teaching and learning; however, there is a need for more studies on the disadvantages of using ICT in language education. The purpose concerning this study search out survey the pros and cons of mixing ICT finishes in education ESL account and document. Reading involves the process of deciphering dispute when in fact book in another way, involves the reverse – encrypting process. Both abilities are main in the facet of word learning. Although ICT maybe a main form to improve the education of ESL reading and book, skilled are expert and cons of utilizing the form. Thus, the following sub-portions explain the expert and cons of utilizing ICT in education reading and paper abilities. 2.1 Advantages of Using ICT One of the well-known forms that is usually adapted in the education of version and book is the use of blogs. Blogging offers an honest-realm digital medium for ideas. It is multi-spatial on account of it does not just offer a ‘bowl’ for letter but has the possibility of diversified hearings and approach points. In a research attended on the influence of using the ‘connected to the internet book’ approach in education manuscript, Kelly & Safford took upon dossier from a research project undertaken in 2 age from 6 classrooms all the while the 2006 World Cup, to resolve how kids used complex sentence buildings in their article on a soccer netting-record. They explore how the junction of an interim, common, all-encompassing event and a connected to the internet meeting for ideas constituted an importance of linguistic authorization place pupils started to use high-ranking forms of vocabulary. This research shows positive findings in terms of the students’ interested in presenting ideas and responding to their classmates’ ideas by commenting on the blog. Online blogs allow students to get feedback from more than one person, and this type of peer feedback may be more effective than traditional self-editing. It gives the implication towards the positive interactivity for the teaching and learning of sentence grammar, by using blogs in the teaching of writing. The researchers also concluded that it is perhaps the dialogic nature of the blog that powered this language – perhaps it was the blog’s communicative network that enabled the children to hypothesize and defend their reasoning and speculation using complex sentence structures. Blogs are also popular forums for many teens to express themselves, and there is growing evidence that teens having their own blogs tend to be prolific writers inside and outside of school. Moreover, when students post their writing online, the audience transforms from one person to a larger social community. This changes the dynamic of writing from something that is done to receive a grade to place it in a social context where form, style, and understanding of audience take on increased importance. Besides the use of blogs in the education of translation and essay, in ‘Authoring accompanying Video’, Strassman & O’ Connell investigated the benefits of using electronics to stimulate juniors to ask information in some content region to a literature task. Authoring with Video authorizes pupils to excite writing in a medium they see and love – program. It is akin to article idea for a silent picture book. The videos, like the pictures in a silent book, comprise the set off for an arranged handbook. Finding their voices as writers is less of a challenge for undergraduates cause they are affluent accompanying ideas and visual representations cooperation to write aim. AWV encourages juniors to in an official manner acknowledge this talent as a ability that has allure ancestries written. It capitalizes on the advanced television-believing and comprehension capabilities of learners and casts ruling class as correspondents, publishers, and builders of content. Students would correct more and give more occasion on task when they are committed in a project that has an hearing further their professor. Students’ motivation to completely engage written and revising quotation is started by their desire to correspond accompanying the reader and by their individual pride of origin. All of these determinants can increase pupil date with human language and increase the pile of essay presented. AWV too has the additional lure of bearing achieved cinema to share accompanying classmates, friends, and classification. The things produced looks professional and maybe surely advised to a site or site. Another advantage is seen from the use of e-learning or online education. Online education is defined as an approach to teaching and learning that utilizes new technology to communicate and collaborate in an educational context. The process of online communication enables the learners to actively construct their own perspectives which they can communicate to a small group. Learners engage in active, constructive, intentional, authentic and collaborative learning. Enabling the groups to socially construct knowledge through communicating and collaborating with others is an important element of constructivist-based online learning and teaching. In this context, ICT is seen to provide a platform for active and meaningful learning to occur. A study was carried out by Blastodiscs et al. to observe the technology in use by the students, to observe the classroom dynamics and teacher choices centered on the technology use, to look at student learning, and to learn about student and teacher perceptions and beliefs about technology. A calculating-helped literacy set up is planned to aid learning direction in language classrooms. The judgments submitted that scholars were instigated, on task, and attentive when occupied on their proficiency tasks. The administration and approach to the centers was engrossed in activity and required less assistant administration than many additional facets of instructional occasion, emancipation the scholar to devote effort to something other issues. Besides, the education science admitted juniors to develop liberated work dresses and to build both their abilities and confidence about proficiency and about utilizing science. Both schoolteachers and student’s explanation on the case that they proverb skills, focus, consideration, and assurance being buxom. Several coaches noted that undergraduates the one acted not exhibit much attentional control initially of the year were smart to accompany at the science center and sensed that the students before enhanced more capable to focus in class. Analyses of junior performance likewise imply that graduate efficiency improved in the classes at which point the education electronics was secondhand. In another connected study on the use of ICT in the education of version particularly, Yossel & Trivedi explored the belongings of vigilant emphasize motion picture clip on jargon happening of EFL learners. When the findings of this study are interpreted, it can be argued that viewing the movie clip has helped the participants of the study develop their vocabulary knowledge, and this would facilitate the reading process.
The benefits of utilizing technology are likewise being focused on by Considine, Horton & Moorman in terms of utilizing various media possessions for various information. Some of the media tested involve songs, commentary cartoons, television clips and internet resources to use graduates in the learning process. Strategies for charming juniors in media learning exercises are flattering more available as teaching foundations or templates have been recognized for resolving various types of media. The rise of ICT has proved to intensify the impact of news on civilization and schooling. Connecting account, book, visual, and technological education supported students accompanying convenience to write for more expansive hearings and to produce genuine texts such as connected to the internet book reviews. Moving aware an integral unspecified ICT, that is the internet. With the amount of information up on the net, users are able to collaborate and broaden their experience. Students could take responsibility for finding answers to suit their own learning needs. Another advantage is that it promotes collaborative learning. The Internet allows like-minded people to communicate through websites, blogs, and social networking sites. Many of these sites include an option that permits users to work collaboratively and publish their writing. This type of writing is becoming more prevalent in the workplace, so exposing students to this process may provide them with skills that will translate directly to their future work as adults. Besides that, research in the use of Computer Assisted Language Learning in the writing classroom has indicated that CALL creates a supportive and motivating environment for learners conducive to students to work at their own pace and linguistic developmental level and enhances their independent writing skills in terms of quality and quantity. ICT supports the modern principles of learning and language acquisition. Individualization, interaction and student motivation, often considered paramount in modern education theories, are necessarily a part of the process in ICT. Molema discussed the relationship between student motivation and e-learning. It is suggested that a well-balanced ICT environment will enable students to feel the above and stay motivated throughout the learning process. Motivation, individualization, learning in context and the activation of the learner - all buzzwords in modern education – are often a part and parcel of a successful ICT support
Besides bearing the benefits, there are few difficulties concerning the use of ICT in the teaching of lesson and paper. Two concerns that instructors have about using science to a degree Instant Messaging or blogs accompanying their pupils is that students will not take whole critically and will unoccupied what they have learned in school in their postings. Moreover, as Ward reminded, even though graduates could be unprotected to a sort of account materials and type of manuscript, skilled is a danger that the study abilities that are grown from entwine the computer screen bring about an increased but detail, and often erroneous, understanding of the content. To sum up, the benefits of utilizing ICT in the teaching of learning and document about the literature involve win pupils’ interest in presenting their plans and returning to their classmates’ plans, admitting effective peer response, bestowing beneficial interactivity within the education and education, stimulating students to administer information in some content area to a document task, charming juniors in different projects, growing junior date with the style, admitting the exercise of new science to communicate and participate in an instructional circumstances, providing a platform for alive and significant education to occur, expanding free work practices, improving learners’ dictionary information, admitting user cooperation and the issuing of work in the way that calligraphy. As for the troubles, the article suggests that the use of the study of computers keep cause the careless stance among juniors whereby they will not take their work dangerously and that the scholars’ examination abilities grown from scrolling the calculating screen keep bring about an increased but superficial, erroneous understanding of the content.