Theme: the phonetikal status of monophongs and diphthongoids plan

Short vowel monophthongs
Most of the monophthongs in English are commonly known as “short vowels,” which are usually produced when a vowel is followed by one or more consonants in a syllable.
Most vowel letters have a specific short-vowel sound, though U can create two types of short-vowel sounds. The semi-vowel Y can also create a short vowel sound, but it is the same as the letter I.
Let’s look at some examples of each type of short vowel:

Vowel Letter	IPA Symbol	Example Words
A a	/æ/	apple (/ˈæpəl/) map (/mæp/) track (/træk/) man (/mæn/)
E e	/ɛ/	set (/sɛt/) jet (/dʒɛ/) bend (/bɛnd/) met (/mɛt/)
I i	/ɪ/	tip (/tɪp/) strip (/strɪp/) imply (/ɪmˈplaɪ/) fin (/fɪn/)
O o	/ɑ/	top (/tɑp/) hot (/hɑt/) offer (/ˈɑfər/) pollen (/ˈpɑlən/)
U u	/ʌ/	cut (/kʌt/) hug (/hʌg/) mutt (/mʌt/) strut (/strʌt/)
U u	/ʊ/	put (/pʊt/) push (/pʊʃ/) full (/fʊl/) sugar (/ʃʊgər/)
Y y	/ɪ/	myth (/mɪθ/) system (/ˈsɪstəm/) rhythm (/ˈrɪðəm/) crypt (/krɪpt/)

Long vowel monophthongs

Most of the traditional “long vowels” (vowel sounds that approximate the name of their corresponding vowel letters) are diphthongs, so we’ll look at those further on. One traditional long vowel that is a monophthong, though, is “long E,” represented in IPA by /i/. This sound is usually produced by the letter E, but it can also be formed by the letter Y, as well as a number of vowel digraphs. For example:

• 
  me (/it/)
  
• 
  concrete (/ˈkɑnkrit/)
  
• 
  happy (/ˈhæpi/)
  
• 
  friendly (/ˈfrɛndli/)
  
• 
  feel (/fil/)
  
• 
  eat (/it/)
  
• 
  categories (/ˈkætɪˌgɔriz/)
  

There are also a few other long vowels besides those that sound like the names of vowel letters. Most of these occur in various vowel digraphs, though some can be produced by single letters, while others occur when a vowel is combined with the consonant R.

/u/

• 
  exclude (/ɪkˈsklud/)
  
• 
  prove (/pruv/)
  
• 
  true (/tru/)
  
• 
  cruise (/kruz/)
  
• 
  chew (/ʧu/)
  
• 
  loot (/lut/)
  
• 
  through (/θru/)
  

/ɔ/

• 
  water (/ˈwɔtər/)
  
• 
  across (/əˈkrɔs/)
  
• 
  thought (/θɔt/)
  
• 
  dawn (/dɔn/)
  
• 
  author (/ˈɔθər/)
  

/ɜ/

• 
  nerve (/nɜrv/)
  
• 
  stir (/stɜr/)
  
• 
  work (/wɜrk/)
  
• 
  curve (/kɜrv/)
  
• 
  search (/sɜrʧ/)
  
• 
  journey (/ˈʤɜrni/)
  

Diphthongs

A diphthong (pronounced /ˈdɪfθɔŋ/) is a single-syllable vowel sound in which the beginning of the sound glides to another, slightly different vowel sound. For this reason, diphthongs are often referred to as gliding vowels.
There are eight vowel sounds in American English that are generally agreed upon as being diphthongs. Four of these are the “traditional” long vowels (vowel sounds that are pronounced the same way as the names of the letters), but there are also a few others that occur with certain vowel digraphs or in combination with the letter R.
We’ll briefly go over the different diphthongs here, but you can continue on to the full section on Diphthongs to learn more.

Traditional long vowels

With the exception of long E (/i/), all of the traditional long vowel sounds are diphthongs. These most predictably occur when the vowel letter is followed by a single consonant and a silent “e”:

Vowel Letter	Vowel Sound (IPA Symbol)	How to pronounce it	Example word
A	/eɪ/	eh-ee	tape (/teɪp/)
I	/aɪ/	ah-ee	ice (/aɪs/)
O	/oʊ/	oh-oo	rope (/roʊp/)
U	/ju/	ee-oo	cube (/kjub/)

Other diphthongs

/ɔɪ/

This diphthong is pronounced “au-ee,” and it occurs in in the vowel digraphs OY and OI. For example:

• 
  boy (/bɔɪ/)
  
• 
  annoy (/əˈnɔɪ/)
  
• 
  royal (/ˈrɔɪəl/)
  
• 
  employed (/ɪmˈplɔɪd/)
  

• 
  coin (/kɔɪn/)
  
• 
  foil (/fɔɪl/)
  
• 
  choice (/ʧɔɪs/)
  
• 
  noise (/nɔɪz/)
  

/aʊ/

This diphthong is pronounced “ah-oo,” and it occurs with the digraphs OU and OW. For example:

• 
  found (/faʊnd/)
  
• 
  pout (/paʊt/)
  
• 
  stout (/staʊt/)
  
• 
  mouth (/maʊθ/)
  

• 
  town (/taʊn/)
  
• 
  crowd (/kraʊd/)
  
• 
  chowder (/ˈʧaʊdər/)
  
• 
  shower (/ˈʃaʊər/)
  

/ɪə/

Depending on dialect, the schwa (/ə/) that forms the second part of this diphthong is often not pronounced. When this diphthong is articulated fully, it is pronounced “ih-uh,” and it usually occurs with the digraphs EE, EA, and IE when they are followed by an R. For example:

• 
  deer (/dɪər/)
  
• 
  sheer (/ʃɪər/)
  
• 
  steer (/stɪər/)
  

• 
  dear (/dɪər/)
  
• 
  hear (/hɪər/)
  
• 
  appear (/əpˈɪər/)
  

• 
  pier (/pɪər/)
  
• 
  fierce (/fɪərs/)
  
• 
  frontier (/frənˈtɪər/)
  

/ɛə/

Like /ɪə/, the schwa of /ɛə/ is often left out. When it is articulated fully, /ɛə/ is pronounced “eh-uh,” and it usually occurs with the letter combinations ARE, AIR, and occasionally EAR. For example:

• 
  flare (/flɛər/)
  
• 
  care (/kɛər/)
  
• 
  stare (/stɛər/)
  

• 
  stairs (/stɛərz/)
  
• 
  dairy (/dɛəri/)
  
• 
  repair (/rəˈpɛər/)
  

• 
  wear (/wɛər/)
  
• 
  bear (/bɛər/)
  
• 
  pear (/pɛər/)
  

• 
  References
  
• 
  Brinton, Laurel J. & Donna M. Brinton. 2010. The linguistic structure of Modern English, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2006. An introduction to language. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing.