Theoretical grammar of english

Fundamental feature that distinguishes a sentence from a word-group=INTONATION
*noun+verb ≠word-group * normally contain a verb in-afinite form
(noun+verb=subject&predicate)
Word-group - logical and grammatical combination of 2 or more words which don't form a sentence.
Sentence - basic unit of communication, grammatically organized and expressing a complete thought.


Traditional grammar => 2 types of syntactic relations between words: coordination, subordination
Coordination: grammatical' equality of words joined together; is realized by coordinating conjunctions or by word-order: John and Mary; John, Mary or Marinka
When connection is realized by word order -> asyndetic coordination (бессоюзие) + only homogenious members of the sentence can be joined by coordination


Subordination: implies Inequality in the grammatical status of words in the sentence -one of the words becomes the head of the phrase & the other =the modifier subordinated to the head. John's room/ his- book
Can be expressed by agreement (согласование) and government (управление).
AGREEMENT
Kind of relation in which the subordinated word takes a form similar to that of the head-word's
- Ильиш: only 2 cases of agreement -> demonstrative pronouns "this/that", "these/those" (agree in number).
- Some grammarians: "agreement" can be applied to word-groups in which words belong to different grammatical classes
When everybody has given his, opinion... (agrees in number with everybody; colloquial - ...has given their opinion )
- between the subject and the object She's making a cake for herself
He injured himself in the bottom.
the form of The subordinated word
is determined by the head-word but
isn't similar to it.
GOVERNMENT
-the form of the subordinated waod is detemined by the head-word but isn’t similar to it
- extremely limited: the predicate verb governs the form of the object expressed by a personal pronoun, because the personal proN is to be used in the objective case: He gave him/her/me a book.

Modern English: analytical means to reveal subordination, most important - word order prepositions.

Predicative relations (так их зовут Смирницкий с Бархударовым; = interdependence)
Relations between the subject and the predicate:
- subject determines the gram, form of the predicate (person&number) I am, he reads
- predicate ascribes to the subject some action, state or quality He went, he is old, he is married
Cumulation (кумуляция)
subordinated
His new coatnew coat
Subordinated his new; some old = > somehow connected with each other
Easy to prove: can't change their word order,
Subordinated the relations between them are not very distinct;
Subordinated lectors can't be identified, only against the background of
Subordinated the head-word in the word-group

Also cumulation between nouns in:

To write John a letter
There's some strange relation between John and
a letter (can't change their position, we are to
introduce a preposition “to”)


18.Word groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-groups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group: coordinate, subordinate, predicative, cumulative.
Syntax deals with analysis of the structure of a sentence. The first step to build a sentence- word-group (not an independent utterance).
Basic English sentence must contain a verb in the Finite Form .Sentences without verbs convey only fragments of information (not full info). Глагол- структурно-семантический узел предложения, предопределяет, какие члены предложения будут находиться, их смысловые отношения. When a noun and a verb in the F.F. follow each other they become the subject and the pred.icate – the main parts of the basic English sentence, they may be accompanied by other words in a sentence, but that doesn’t change their functional status, that’s why many ling-s exclude them from the domain of word groups.. Some foreign ling-s suggest that we should use a special term to denote relations between them – clause. Word group – a logical and gram. combination of 2 or more words, which don’t form a sentence. Cood word group brings together items of equal rank #Boys and Girls. Subordinate word group in which one word is the head and the other are subordinates Sentence – a unit of communication, grammatically organized and expressing a complete thought ( Bloomfield).The sent. is char. by predication, that establishes or indicates relations b\n the utter-s and reality, it’s expressed through the F.F of a verb, which expresses Tense, Mood, Person, Number, traditionally. It’s said that the most universal means of expressing pred. is intonation.
20. SYNTACTIC RELATIONS btw Ws: coordination, subordination, interdependence, cumulation, apposition. Means of expressing Syn relations: agreement, government, word order, function words, parenthesis.