Theoretical problems of studying space in language consciousness 10

chapter III. SPATIAL RELATIONS IN LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
In recent decades, linguists around the world have actively researched and are still investigating the importance of language in the process of cognition, studying it in the field of obtaining knowledge about the external world. Here again, language semantics is the main means of implementing the process of cognition. The study of language semantics helps to ensure the formation of elements of conceptual systems that are continuously expressed in the mental and speech functioning of a person and structure it. This also explains the cognitive system, since language is a mechanism of cognition.
In this chapter, we have analyzed such parts of speech as nouns, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, and postpositions that play a role in shaping a person's spatial perception of the surrounding reality.
3.1. Diversity of spatial meanings and their means of expression
Spatial relations are one of the linguistic universals and are present in all languages of the world. They are expressed by linguistic means, are reflections in the language consciousness of a person of the real physical space. Each national and cultural environment forms its own spatial model of the world in its linguistic consciousness. However, in general, the concept of space in humans is universal. Spatial relationships are formed not only under the influence of the surrounding world, but also on the basis of the information that comes to them. In the age of the information explosion, the concept of space is increasingly unified.
There are very few special works in which the means of expressing spatial relations were considered on the material of Russian, English and Uzbek languages, where various prepositions and postpositions, adverbs, nouns, verbs are involved. Analysis in cognitive linguistics has confirmed the assumption that prepositions and postpositions are not just service words, but carry meanings, including conceptual ones. They partially preserve the original lexical values and transmit more specific spatial values, compared to case indicators. This is indicated by the fact that individual meanings of prepositions and postpositions correlate with the meaning of full-valued words. For example, above the building (above the building in English, binonida in Uzbek), above the building (above the building in English, binning tepasida in Uzbek), behind the garden (behind the garden in English, borning orkasida in Uzbek), on the other side of the garden (on the other side of the garden in English, bowning narigi tomonida in Uzbek); over the field (over the field in English, dala ustida in Uzbek), above the field (higher the field in English, dala tepasida in Uzbek). Prepositions and postpositions can be antonyms and synonyms. Examples: before – after andabove-under (after-before, above-below in English;oldida-orkasida, ustida-ostidain Uzbek), etc.
Spatial prepositions and postpositions are the most numerous in Russian and English. When expressing spatial relations in a language, the main role is played by the localized object; a landmark, in relation to which the location of the localized object is determined; a predicative feature of the localized object, that is, its presence, movement, state, movement; a way of expressing the locative relationship between the localized object and the landmark. The object to be localized is animate and inanimate objects.
Reference points can include names of streets, geographical features, vehicles, buildings, and so on. For example,plane flies over the seas. (The plane is flying over the seas.; uch . Hereplaneacts as a localized object,flies(flies; uchayapti)– action,over (over; ostida)- locative relation,seas (seas; dengizlar –- landmark.
Other factors also take part in determining the position of an object in relation to different sides of the landmark and its linguistic expression: 1) the location of the reference point of spatial localization, which is closely related to the position of the speaker or observer and is reflected in the orientation of the topological view of the situation; 2) spatial characteristics of the landmark: its three-dimensional, linear or planar properties, the presence of the front (facade), back and sides; 3) physical properties and the number of localized objects; 4) static or dynamic; 5) characteristics of the situation and features of its perception and reflection by a person; 6) the presence or absence of an indication of the distance between the object and the landmark.
Spatial values are differentiated depending on the relation of the localized object to the landmark. For this reason, they can be divided into dynamic and statistical symbols.
In Russian and English, the " dynamic meaning "of the limit of motion, extension in space is expressed by such adverbs and prepositions as the preposition to in English is denoted by the preposition to and the adverb as far as. Here you need to indicate the semantic shade within the landmark where the movement occurs. The preposition in English is denoted by two prepositions at and in, most often indicating an action within a landmark. For example, people work in the garden. (People work in the garden). People – an object, a landmark garden where people work. He teaches at the school. (He teaches at a school).
As can be seen from the last two examples, it is , since objects are constantly moving inside landmarks(garden, school).
A distinction should be made between the logical concept of space and the linguistic meaning of space. The concept of space as one of the forms of thinking and the category of logic is the result of human thinking activity, which summarizes human experience about space. The scientific concept of space is much richer in content. The category of space includes in its content all the essential spatial characteristics of the object, and has a universal character.
In contrast to the scientific understanding of space, linguistic understanding of space is a specific linguistic representation of an object. Since the lexical meaning of space includes only a minimum of features of the object, which gives a naive and simplified understanding and recognition of the word. Orientation metaphors are based on the oppositionstop – bottom, inside – outside, front – back, left – right, etc.
Among the spatial parameters, metonymy is found in names of linear dimensionsheight, depth, length, thickness, and width.
Let's analyze the wordheight. question arises, what scientific concept is hidden behind this word, and what naive idea it corresponds to. From a scientific point of view, "the height of a triangle is a perpendicular that is lowered from any vertex of the triangle to the opposite side or to its continuation"33. Moreover, according to its three vertices, a triangle can have three heights, while the naive height of a physical object is only one. No matter how we position this triangle, the height remains the height, even if it is on the horizontal plane34.
In geometry, all polygons and polyhedra have a height. A naive, linguistic representation of the height of an object depends on many factors, such as the internal structure of the object, its shape, location and method of connection with another object, its contiguity with other objects, and so on. For example, an object like a box or box is represented as something that has a height, and a piece of blackboard or book has the same parameters, but with a solid internal structure has no longer a height, but a thickness. Let's comparebox height –utiningbalandligi, the book thickness-kitobningalingligi,etcInUzbek language, the word ,which indicatesa continuous internal structure.
Small objects that have a fulcrum are given a height: high table – baland table, high shelf -baland tokchaetc.Trees in Russian are rather tall than long, and in Uzbek they can be described astalltrees-katta darakhtlar, and aslongtrees-uzundarakhtlar. Butman of high staturein Uzbek translates asuzun byyli kishi, literallymanlong stature.
Naive pictures of the space of languages with different systems may differ from each other. Available concepts such as arm length, stride width, or the distance between the ends of the extended thumb and index finger can be taken as a unit for describing spatial values. So, for example, in the Uzbek languagelength of the pathmeasured in'irim, which means the distance to which the sound of a human voice can reach. Idioethnic units of length measure are the words karich. Karichis a measure of length equal to the distance between the ends of the extended thumb and middle finger.
In Russianspanequal to the distance between the ends of the thumb and index finger, which corresponds in Uzbek to the meanings of the words:Byyi bir karich, sokoli ikki karich. -One span tall, and a beard - two spans(Riddle. Corn).
If the dimension of space is associated with somatic vocabulary, then it can have equivalent correspondences in languages of different systems. Such relative measures of length are words with comparable meanings, for example, tirsak-elbow. Tirsak in the view of Uzbeks is the distance from the elbow to the ends of the outstretched fingers. In the view of the Russian person, the elbow was, as noted in the dictionary of V. Dal, a measure of the length from the corner of this finger to the end of the middle finger, about 14 vershkov, i.e. 0.5 m. The term elbow was used to refer to the distance between the bends that the river makes, in other words, it was called the distance from bend to bend in the course of the river.
Objects such aspath, road, or coursein Russian are perceived as a plane or line, and therefore the preposition are used with them. out of my way. Don't stand in my way.
Of particular interest are the ways of designating space, which are directly related to the living conditions and everyday life of Uzbeks. For example,kuloch– the length of the span of the arms extended to the side;tyr –place of honor in the room; red corner;Ularga meмонmonkhonaning tyridan yrin berdilar – Put them in a place of honor in the guest room; Tyrga chikmok – to ascend (sit down) in a place of honor; Betamiz tyrini bermas(rumor) –ignoramus does not know anyone it will give up the red corner at its own.tyr– the side opposite the entrance, for example, in the courtyard, garden, etc.
Uzbek measures of height were poorly developed due to the lack of tall buildings. The following lexical units were used to indicate tizza byyi – knee-high, kishi byyi-human height, tuya byyi-camel height.
The act of speech contains three orientation coordinates: I – here – now." "I" is the speaker himself, "now" is the moment of speech, "here" is the place of speech. Scientists believe that this anthropocentric coordinate system, by means of metaphorical transfer, laid the foundation for the categories of the verbal person and number, the categories of case and preposition, and the categories of verbal tense35.
When comparing the case systems of the Russian and Uzbek languages, we have to state that we are dealing with a different set of case values, which are revealed when the word declension occurs. If we assume that language descriptions distinguish between abstract (grammatical) and local (concrete) functions of cases, then their ratio is very different for the Uzbek and Russian languages. Among grammatical functions for inflectional-fusional languages like Russian, the following functions are important: subject (nominative), object (accusative), indirect object (dative), nominal possessive (genitive).
In contrast to the Russian language, the Uzbek case system tends to express local functions. The Uzbek language presents a well-defined system of local oppositions. For example,dalaga – to the field, daladan – from the field, dalada - in the field. The similarity between the case systems of the Russian and Uzbek languages is found in the expression of the function 1) of the subject:house stands by the road. – Uy yl byyida turibdi;2) object:They built a house. - Ular uy kurishdi; 3) indirect object:Give hay to cattle. - Molga em beringlar; 4) nominal possessive:roof of the house is covered with snow. – Уй томини қор босди.
It is atypical for the Russian language to express locative meanings in non-simple forms, if we proceed from the traditional understanding of the case, in which case forms are considered whole word forms. In some cases, locative meanings are expressed using non-prepositional cases. For example, the phraseswalking in the woods, running in the fieldfunctionally synonymous with locative constructions suchwalking in the woods, running in the field. However, for non-simple forms, the expression of locative values is a secondary function, which may not be apparent in other cases. Such substitutions are not possible in examples like walking around the city or running around the stadium.
The category of space, as a logical category, is implemented in languages of different systems both at the conceptual and grammatical levels. The means of expressing spatial concepts and relationships are as diverse as the language systems themselves. Despite the variety of spatial meanings and means of their expression, the category of space that has logical, conceptual foundations, it is comparable and comparable in different language systems.