Theoretical problems of studying space in language consciousness 10

2.2. Formation of a functional and grammatical approach to the study of language units with spatial meaning
Human ideas about space are an integral part of the linguistic and cultural picture of the world. This type of representation is reflected in native speakers of all languages. Human life is directly related to space, and the human body is, in turn, the main spatial reference point for understanding relationships with objects of the surrounding world. The long-standing and relentless interest of linguists in the category of space and its linguistic representation is explained by the variety of data that are presented as a result of research in the field of analysis of means of expressing spatial semantics. The information obtained as a result of this type of research can be applied both in related areas of scientific knowledge, such as linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The analysis of scientific discourse in the aspect of studying the representation of spatial relations allowed us to conclude that there are different approaches to understanding spatiality and its reflection in the material of the Russian language.
The concept of an approach to study is used in scientific discourse to denote the general direction of a researcher's activity. The approach to studying can be called the basis on which the research activity of a scientist is based, the base from which it starts. This concept is more extensive than the concept of a method. The approach may include several methods, and may be either general scientific or highly specific. When considering the question of considering the problem of spatial relations in the science of language, it should be noted that among the research approaches that have developed in Russian studies over the past fifty years, research of this type has been conducted in three directions:
1) functional and grammatical;
2) linguoculturological;
3) cognitive.
Attempts to scientifically describe spatiality and reflect ideas about it in the Russian language begin in the history of modern Russian studies within the framework of a functional and grammatical approach. Within the framework of functional grammar, the subject of study and scientific description is language units of various levels, considered from the point of view of their grammatical function, as well as from the point of view of the meaning they realize. Early attempts at scientific understanding of the ways of expressing spatiality in science can be noted already in the studies of M. V. Lomonosov, A. Kh. Vostokov, A. A. Potebny.
M. V. Lomonosov in" Russian Grammar "draws attention to prepositions in the Russian language, calling prepositions and conjunctions "significant parts of the word", which are able to"mark circumstances". He notes the ability of the preposition to participate in the formation of circumstantial constructions with the meaning of the place. The author refers adverbs to spatial relations. It also draws attention to the functioning of the Prepositional case in the language. At the same time, among the features of the forms of this case, the scientist calls the mandatory use as part of one of the prepositions:in, at, on, etc.
In Russkaya Grammatiki (1980), there are 44 units of Russian prepositions:near, in, near, deep, along, outside, inside, near, around, ahead, after, before, for, from, from-for, from-under, to, between, between, past, on, towards, over, opposite, o, about, from, before, on, over, under, near, behind, in the middle, in the middle, at, against, with, side, behind, through, outside, y, through.
As we have already noted, spatial relations are understood as different positions of persons or objects relative to each other. Spatial relations in the Russian language consciousness have a threefold character, it can be location and two directions. Space can be either the place of action, or the final or starting point of movement or directed action. To express spatial relations in the Russian language, a rich variety of lexical and grammatical means has been developed, which form the lexico-grammatical field of spatiality. Syntactic units with a spatial meaning can be of two types: nominative and communicative; the first are phrases (meeting on the bank, returning from a tour, spots on the desk), the second are sentences (meeting of friends took place on the river bank; Our house is located on the next street; the Yurt is located under the mountain).
The most typical way for the Russian language to express spatial relations is prepositional-case forms. Practically, all cases are used to indicate the place of action, location, and place as the starting or ending point of movement, namely: nouns in the genitive case with the prepositions: from, with, from, at, about, opposite, past, near, along, around, in the middle, because of, from under, etc., for example: from school, from the post office, from friends, at the bus, near the building, opposite the university, near the institute, along the street; nouns in the dative case with prepositions: to, by: to the stadium, in the Park; the nouns in the accusative case with the prepositions: in, on, through, over, under, through, for example, in a Department store, the post office, across the street, the other under the table, through the trees; the nouns in the instrumental case with the prepositions: over, under, in front of, behind, between, next to, for example, over the tops, under the stairs, in front of the machine, for kvartala, between the houses, next to each other; nouns in the prepositional case with the prepositions: in, on, at, for example, in the building at the station, at the University.
It should be noted that not all prepositional forms are used to the same extent. The most commonly used forms are: prepositional forms with prepositionsin, on; genitive forms with prepositionsy, about; genitive forms with prepositionsunder, over, for, before; accusative forms with prepositionsin, on; dative forms with prepositionsto; genitive forms with prepositionsfrom, with, from.
The prepositionsu, about, nearused in modern Russian to varying degrees. The prepositions are. Prepositionsnearless common, because they have a bookish coloring.
The prepositionsy, about, nearhave the general meaning "next to someone-something". They almost completely coincide in their use with the prepositiony, for example:near the house, near the house, near the house. The exception is when they are used with personal pronouns, for example:near me, near me. In such constructions with a spatial meaning, the prepositionynot used.
The Russian language has a more developed and extensive system of designating spatial relations, which is manifested both in terms of content – in a more detailed differentiation of meanings, and in terms of expression – in a much larger number of language tools used.
A. Kh. Vostokov in his work "Russian Grammar" gives an interpretation of some of the language units that are involved in the designation of spatial relations. The author pays special attention to the specifics of adverbs as a special part of speech that can participate in the implementation of circumstantial meanings denoting spatial meaning. Among the circumstantial questions, the following questions stand out: Where? from where? Where?, and also lists all adverbs that can answer these questions. Such adverbs are divided into three groups. 1) here, here, there, everywhere, inside, outside, in front, behind, somewhere, nowhere; 2) from there, from here, otsele, ottole, from everywhere, from inside, from outside, from afar, in front, behind, from somewhere, from nowhere, from school; 3) here, there, everywhere, home, inside, out, in the distance, forward, somewhere, nowhere. The presented classification of circumstantial adverbs with spatial meaning allows us to conclude that already within the framework of the grammatical concept of A. H. Vostokov, a distinction is emerging between locative situations defined by the predicate and related to the direction of movement of the subject28.
In "Russian Grammar" it is mentioned that there are prepositions in the Russian language that are formed from spatial adverbs, such as near, along, outside, near, inside, past, near, behind, behind, through. In the linguistics of the XIX century, the idea of derived prepositions as a special type of official parts of speech is already being formed. But in the concept of A. H. Vostokov there is no analysis of the functions of various forms of nouns with prepositions in the aspect of expressing circumstantial spatial meaning. The scientist A. A. Potebnya also showed interest in considering the reflection of spatial meaning in the Russian language.
Thus, as a result of analyzing the material of well-known works of linguists of the XIX century on the grammar of the Russian language, we can conclude that there is no absolute unity of approaches to the analysis of language material that are involved in the expression of spatial meaning.
In the twentieth century, the functioning of language units, which expresses spatial relations, continues to be understood in the works of A. A. Shakhmatov. Summarizing the results of the work of his predecessors in the direction of analyzing various parts of speech that express spatial relations, the scientist characterizes spatial adverbs as a special type of language units that are related by their origin to both nouns (patronymic adverbs) and pronouns (pronominal adverbs). In the work "Syntax of the Russian language", the author for the first time draws attention to the functioning of each of the prepositions in combination with the forms of nouns in certain cases. A. A. Shakhmatov describes the prepositional-case forms of nouns, adverbs of place and verbs of movement, naming them among the partial forms that participate in the expression of circumstantial meanings. The scientist in his work" Syntax of the Russian language "calls this type of meaning "complementary circumstance".
Thus, the most complete prerequisites for the formation of a functional-grammatical approach to the study of language units with spatial meaning are formed already in the twentieth century.
The final design of the functional-grammatical approach in this case is associated with the name of A. V. Bondarko and his works on the theory of functional grammar. In his works, the main direction of scientific analysis is related to the description of ways and patterns of functioning of various grammatical units that are involved in the expression of spatial relations in an utterance. All units are analyzed systematically, and one of the specific objects of consideration is the functional and semantic field, within which central and peripheral elements can be distinguished. The scientist considers spatial relations within the functional-semantic field of locativity. Among the main linguistic means of A. V. Bondarko, there are two main ones:: 1. A combination of a predicate and a place circumstance dependent on it, which is expressed in the prepositional-case form of a noun or an adverb with the circumstantial meaning of the place. The defining role in this case belongs to the predicate that is involved in the unfolding of a spatial situation, for example: You left the house and went outside. brother hasn't been in my room for a long time. Using movement verbsleft, entered indicates the spatial situation and the direction of movement of the subject, i.e. inside the spatial reference point or outside. 2. A complex sentence with a subordinate circumstantial place. The development of a functional-grammatical approach to the study of language units that are involved in the expression of various conceptual categories has had a significant impact on research in the field of ways to express spatial semantics in the Russian language.
The study of space has attracted the interest of linguists, both in foreign and domestic linguistics, for many years. And now this problem is relevant, as evidenced by a significant number of works that are devoted to the study of space in various aspects.
V. V. Korneva in her research "Linguistics in the vastness of space" gives a thorough review of the scientific literature of recent years existing in modern linguistics on the linguistic means of expressing lexical units with spatial semantics in the Russian language29.
Analyzing the research of scientists who are devoted to ways of expressing spatial relations in modern Russian from the point of view of this approach, it can be noted that it involves the researcher's analysis of not only morphological means involved in the functioning and formation of a construction expressing spatial semantics, including prepositional-case forms of nouns, spatial adverbs, verbs of movement. It is also significant to consider constructions with spatial semantics from the point of view of their syntactic role. This approach to the study of the means of linguistic expression of spatial relations can also be called one of the leading ones in the linguistic science of the twentieth century. The active development of such relatively cognitive linguistics in the second half of the twentieth century led to the formation of such an approach to the consideration of means of expressing spatial relations as cognitive. From the point of view of cognitive linguistics, space is considered as one of the fundamental concepts of human thinking. It is spatial representations that reflect the objectivity of the world, the multiple nature of existence and its heterogeneity. This is explained by the fact that human consciousness simultaneously perceives many objects and objects of the surrounding world, and therefore a complex spatial image of the world is formed, which is one of the necessary conditions for the orientation of human activity.
Spatial relations are assimilated by human consciousness before temporal relations, relations of conditionality, cause or effect. It is through space that a person learns about the world around him.
V. G. Gak writes in his works that the concept of space is also extremely important in the process of human language. The human body serves as an elementary and universal cognitive model that interacts with the environment in order to form ideas about space based on the simplest sensations and innate, i.e. subconscious reactions of the brain to the environment, in order to then find its reflection in language and cognitive map, which is created as a result of active actions of the individual in the coordinates, for example, in Russian. up – down, right-left, near-far;in Englishup–down,right–left,close–far;in Uzbektepaga-pastga,ynga-chapga, yakin-uzok. The influence of spatial representations on the formation of the national picture of the world has been noted by many linguists, cultural scientists and philosophers.
Researcher G. Gachev in his works on cultural studies pays close attention to the role of geographical and geopolitical factors in shaping the image of the world of many peoples. Comparing the American and Russian ways of perceiving the world in terms of preference for different spatial forms, the author finds the following differences: Americans tend to have a strict layout, long and straight streets, and their digital ordering. Russia is an "infinite expanse", and the scientist concludes that space is "more important than time"31.
Researcher Yu. S. Stepanov in his studies, which are devoted to the issues of understanding the category of space in the linguoculturological aspect, writes about the peculiarities of national and cultural perception of space. He argues that " ... the handling of space is a certain normalized aspect of human behavior." For a German from Prussia, you are "in the room(im Zimmer)" if you can speak and see someone in the room, even if you were standing on the doorstep. For an American, you are "in the room (in the room)" only if your whole body is inside and you can take your hand off door jamb, in Uzbek languagekhonada.
A spatial fragment of the linguistic picture of the world in the minds of native speakers of different languages will include a different arsenal of tools for its expression. Languages differ from each other not only in their vocabulary and grammar, but also in a certain set of meanings and meanings that may or may not be expressed using vocabulary and grammar. The linguistic picture of the world of native speakers is formed by the peculiarity of the semantic space of a particular language and reflects the perception of the external world by native speakers and their value system.
Thus, as a result of studying the history of the issue of considering the category of space in linguistic science, we can see that at this stage three main approaches to the study of means of expressing spatial semantics have been formed. Researchers are still interested in questions concerning the ways of expressing spatial relations. One of the leading and defining areas of research devoted to the category of space is functional and grammatical. A comprehensive study of the grammatical categorization of spatial relations in languages of different systems should involve a comprehensive focus on the methods of analyzing language material offered within the framework of a functional-grammatical and cognitive approach.