Theoretical problems of studying space in language consciousness 10

chapter I. THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF STUDYING SPACE IN LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS
Currently, more and more linguistic areas are being developed. They constitute an anthropocentric paradigm. The focus of linguistic research is on the mental aspect of the communication process. Language is studied as a general cognitive mechanism, as a link between a person and reality. The set of scientific directions is the methodological basis for serious scientific works of representatives of such areas as cognitive and linguoculturology, which study the concepts of "language personality", "language picture of the world", "concept", "conceptualization".
Various ideas about . Space in the language is understood in a narrow geometric sense, since the various objects around us are characterized by their spatial extent. The spatial extent of objects is expressed in the form of the corresponding spatial coordinates of three dimensions, which characterize the position of each object in space in relation to other objects that simultaneously exist with it. Various relationships that characterize the position of one object in relation to others are spatial relationships.
Researcher V. D. Arakin divided spatial relations into dynamic and static ones. It divides dynamic spatial relations into 8 groups: 1) movement inside the object or its sphere of influence; 2) movement to the surface of the object, which is the limit of this movement; 3) movement to the object, which serves as the limit or ultimate goal of movement; 4) movement from the inside of any object; 5) movement from the surface of any object.-or an object; 6) movement away from the object; 7) movement of one object past or near another, without touching it; 8) movement of one object through another2.
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary science that has its own categorical and conceptual research apparatus, which includes not only linguistic terms, but also terms of psychology, cultural studies, and related sciences: psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, linguistic semantics , etc. The main categories of cognitive linguistics are conceptosphere, concept, worldview, category, reason, knowledge, conceptualization, conceptual system, linguistic vision of the world, cognitive base, cognitive model, cultural constants, national cultural space, etc. Currently, the discussion of these terms continues, and therefore the issue of terminology development remains open. A detailed analysis of the scientific apparatus of cognitive linguistics is presented in the works of such linguists as Z. D. Popova and I. A. Sternin "Cognitive linguistics", V. A. Popova and I. A. Sternin "Cognitive linguistics". Maslova "Cognitive linguistics", N. N. Boldyrev " Cognitive semantics. Introduction to cognitive Linguistics", E. S. Kubryakova "Short dictionary of cognitive terms".
In this study, we will analyze such terms as the concept sphere, category, categorization, concept, conceptualization, language picture of the world.

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      1.1.Semantic space in linguistics 
      

The term "semantic space of language "is firmly established as a metaphor that is associated with understanding and mastering the conceptual significance of the" language of space " in the mechanisms of linguistic categorization of the world3.
The most important aspect of the connection between cognitive science and linguistics is the study of semantics, meaning of language forms and expressions. Modern cognitive linguistics fundamentally distinguishes between the conceptual sphere and the semantic space of language.
E. S. Kubryakova's works most fully reflect the specifics of semasiology. She writes that semasiology is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of linguistic signs, which explains the meaning of human utterances. Its purpose is to reveal the structure of thought hidden behind the external form of language. Traditional semasiology dealt rather haphazardly with the meanings of individual expressions and changes in meanings. The researcher notes that the key to understanding mental categories and categories of our experience lies in the analysis of language data – after all, they reflect and objectify what has already been subjected to cognitive processing by the human mind. 4
Linguists who have devoted their work to cognitive linguistics believe that the most significant representations of our brain and existing structures of consciousness are those that have already formed the meanings of language signs, those that represent the structures of consciousness using language signs.
The subject of cognitive linguistics is the analysis of the semantic space of a language that represents certain categories.
In the semantic space, the received information exists in the form of lexical and syntactic values, which are processed by the corresponding language. The entire set of meanings that are transmitted by the language signs of a given language forms the semantic space of a given language. Most likely, the number of lexical semes as units of the language content plan cannot be calculated. The number of lexemes is less than the number of sememes, since most words have multiple meanings. Researchers distinguish various lexical and semantic groups, classes, and fields. Currently, several approaches to the structures of the semantic space of a language are known.
The concept of category is related to the concept of field. As a rule, a category is closed; it has a relatively small and finite number of members, which are formed in opposition to each other and clearly delimited from each other. The field also combines elements whose number does not have to be finite and unchangeable. The outer borders of the field are blurred. Similarly, the boundaries between field elements may also be blurred, although the relations between them also have the character of oppositions.
Semasiology has established that the semantic space of a language is not a collection, not an inventory of lexeme families, but a very complex system of them, formed by the intersections and interweaving of numerous and diverse structures that organize concepts in rows, then in chains, then in fields with a center and periphery, then in branching trees, then in a series with cross sections. references, etc. There are many different configurations of concepts in the semantic space of a language. All this complex system of concepts that forms the semantic space of a given language requires further development and detailing. This space is open only to those researchers who are looking for systemic relationships between language meanings.
Semantic spaces of different languages can differ significantly from each other both in the composition of concepts and in the principles of their structural organization. Linguists have established these differences by studying translation theory, language typology, and contrastive analysis of the native and studied languages. The comparison of semantic spaces of different languages allows us to see universal universals in the reflection of the world around people and at the same time reveals the specific, national, and then both group and individual in the set of concepts and their structuring.
Humanity lives on the same planet, but in different parts of the World, people do not get the same impressions in their minds. This leads to the formation of different sets of concepts in the concept spheres of different languages. Even if different peoples have identical concepts in the semantic space of their languages, these concepts can be grouped in different ways, combined according to different characteristics.
Comparison of the structure of semantic spaces of different languages allows us to see universal patterns of cognition and their variation, their diversity, and their national specifics. The structure of the semantic space plays a decisive role in the organization of the entire system of a particular language. The semantic space of a language exists as a set of concepts tending to infinity, connected by classifiers into various groups, classes, series and fields, which ultimately constitute the defining beginning of the system structure of any language. Man's knowledge of the world around him is boundless and boundless. Semantic space develops simultaneously with the process of human cognition of the surrounding world. Therefore, we can talk about the boundlessness and boundlessness of the development of both the conceptual sphere and the semantic space of the language.
The semantic space of a language is a part of the concept sphere that has received expression using language signs, a set of meanings transmitted by the language signs of a given language.
A significant part of the concept sphere of a people is represented in the semantic space of its language, which makes the semantic space of the language the subject of cognitive linguistics study.
The richness of a language is determined not only by the richness of its vocabulary and grammatical capabilities, but also by the richness of the conceptual world, the conceptual sphere where the national language personality is formed. A set of concepts forms the concept sphere of a given people and, accordingly, a given language, which is directly related to the linguistic picture of the world. However, unlike the language picture of the world, the concept sphere is the sphere of thought.
Linguists L. V. Popova and I. A. Sterni write that the study of the concept sphere is possible by psychological, cultural and linguocognitive methods and techniques. In the structure of the concept sphere, there is a core, a nuclear zone, and a periphery. The core and the near-nuclear zone mainly represent universal and national knowledge, while the periphery mainly represents individual knowledge.
Language consciousness reflects the ethno-cultural features of the language personality, which allows you to get an idea of the features of the concept, the concept sphere and the national language picture of the world.
For modern linguistics, there is a distinction between the conceptual sphere and the semantic space of language, which is called the language picture of the world.
The concept sphere is a purely mental sphere that consists of concepts that exist in the form of mental pictures, diagrams, concepts, frames, scenarios, more or less complex complex images of the external world, abstract entities that generalize various features of the external world. Cognitive classifiers also belong to the concept sphere.
Precognitive semasiology has established that the semantic space of a language is a complex system formed by the intersections and interweaving of numerous and diverse structural associations and groups, united in chains, cycles, branching like trees, forming fields with a center and periphery, etc. These relations reflect the relations of concepts in the concept sphere of the language. The relations between meanings in the semantic space of a language can be used to judge the relationship of concepts in the national concept sphere.
Linguists establish the structure of the semantic space of different languages and get information about some features of human cognitive activity, since it is possible to concretize the content and structures of knowledge that are in the conceptual sphere of people. based on conceptual features. They are viewed through linguistic meanings, through units that objectify concepts in the language, since these connections in the language are signified by the community of morphemes.
The study of the semantic space of different languages differs significantly both in the composition of concepts and in the principles of their structuring. The national specifics of the concept sphere are reflected in the national specifics of the semantic spaces of languages. Similar concepts in different nations can be grouped according to different characteristics.
The semantic space of the language and the concept sphere are homogeneous in nature. The only difference between a language meaning and a concept is that the language meaning as a quantum of semantic space is attached to the language sign, while the concept as an element of the concept sphere is not associated with a specific language sign. It can be expressed by many linguistic signs, their totality, and may not be represented in the language system; the concept can be manifested on the basis of alternative sign systems, such as gestures and facial expressions, music and painting, sculpture and dance, etc.
From this we can conclude that the concept sphere is the area of mental images, units of the universal subject code that represent structured knowledge of people, their information base, and the semantic space of a language is a part of the concept sphere that has received expression in the system of language signs: words, phrases, syntactic structures and which is formed by the values of language units.
The semantic space of a language in modern linguistics is synonymous with the concept of "language picture of the world", the description of the semantic space of a language is a description of the language picture of the world.

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      1.2.Concepts of "worldview", "language worldview" and "conceptual worldview" 
      

Language covers all areas in which human activity is involved. Language is a mirror of the surrounding world, it reflects reality and creates its own picture of the world, specific and unique for each language and people, ethnic group, speech collective that uses this language as a means of communication. The language reflects everything: geography, climate, history, and living conditions.
Language development is an initial condition for improving culture. In the language, in its lexical composition and grammar, the picture of the world is concluded, general folk knowledge about the world, about objects, phenomena and history is preserved. Language is the illumination of culture. You can use it to identify and highlight all the sign systems that function in society, as well as use graphic signs, images, and sounds. Thanks to language, a person's mental activity is carried out. In the consciousness of a person, the process of superimposing comprehension occurs, abstract thinking occurs. Abstract thinking is a set of generalized ideas about the world around us, fixed in our minds. Conceptual consciousness or conceptual thinking marks a new perception of the surrounding world or creates the basis for a linguistic picture of the world. The picture of the world is one of the basic concepts of the concept of man, which expresses the specifics of his existence, the relationship between man and the world, the conditions of his existence in the world. The picture of the world arises in a person during contacts and interaction with the world around him through feelings, sensations, representations and thinking. As a result of these processes, a person forms his own picture of the world, a worldview. The picture of the world in the linguistic consciousness is a historically fixed idea of the world. Each person has his own subjective image of the object, which may not completely coincide with the ideas of another person. Cognition, which is directed at one of the objects of the given world-a person, at itself, creates that specific factor, which can be called the subjective human factor.
The worldview surrounding native speakers is not just reflected in the language, it also shapes the language and its native speaker. Without knowledge of the world of the language being studied, it is impossible to learn a language as a means of communication. The worldview can be characterized by spatial (top – bottom, left – right, east – west, far – near), temporal (today – tomorrow, day – night, winter – summer), quantitative, ethical and other parameters, the formation of which is influenced by language, traditions, nature and landscape, upbringing, training and other social factors. The picture of the world can be complete – such are the mythological, religious, philosophical, physical pictures of the world, but it can also reflect a fragment of the world, i.e. it can be local. In linguistics, there are several terms related to the picture of the world-the image of the world, the model of the world, and also distinguish the naive or linguistic picture of the world, scientific or conceptual. The picture of the world is covered in the works of such linguists as Yu. D. Apresyan, V. V. Ivanov, V. N. Toporov, Yu. M. Lotman, A.D. Shmelev Arutyunova, T. V. Bulygina and others. In cognitive linguistics, the concept of world picture functions, which was also considered in the works of S. G. Vorkachov, E. S. Kubryakova, M. V. Pimenova, Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin and others. All existing worldviews are interconnected and complement each other. Special attention is paid to the study of the language picture of the world, since one of the tasks of this work is a comparative analysis of the language pictures of the world of the Russian, English and Uzbek peoples.
The Russian language picture of the world is characterized by a tendency to evaluate the world in spatial categories. Researchers of the linguistic picture of the world and the manifestation of the idea of anthropocentrism in this picture often base their concepts on the analysis of the spatial category. These are such scientists as M. V. Vsevolodova, N. D. Arutyunova, Yu. N. Karaulov, V. N. Toporov, T. V. Bulygina, A. Chenki, E. V. Rakhilina, E. S. Yakovleva and others.
In the works of E. S. Yakovleva, spatial relations are considered as a fragment of a naive picture of the world. "Language meanings can be linked to the facts of reality not directly, but through references to certain details of the naive model of the world as it is presented in this language. As a result, there is a basis for identifying universal and nationally distinctive features in the semantics of natural languages, some fundamental principles of the formation of language meanings are revealed, and a deep community of facts that previously seemed to be scattered is revealed"6.
The language is directly involved in the formation of the linguistic picture of the world, since the language picture of the world is formed in the bowels of the language. The concept of "language picture of the world" allows us to solve more deeply the problem of the relationship between language and reality, the "display" of reality as a complex process of human interpretation of the world. The linguistic picture of the world is a reflection of reality, its realities, concepts, and categories in the language. The concepts of worldview and space are related to each other and are of interest to linguists.
The language is directly involved in the formation of the linguistic picture of the world, since the language picture of the world is formed in the bowels of the language. The concept of "language picture of the world" allows us to solve more deeply the problem of the relationship between language and reality, the "display" of reality as a complex process of human interpretation of the world. The linguistic picture of the world is a reflection of reality, its realities, concepts, and categories in the language. The concepts of worldview and space are related to each other and are of interest to linguists. A linguistic picture of the world is a set of ideas about the world that has historically developed in the everyday consciousness of a given language group and is reflected in the language, a certain way of perceiving and organizing the world, and conceptualizing reality. Each natural language corresponds to a unique linguistic picture of the world. The linguistic picture of the world is an inevitable product of consciousness for mental and linguistic activity, which arises as a result of the interaction of thinking, reality and language as a means of expressing thoughts about the world in acts of communication. It is noted that the language picture of the world reflects the states of perception of reality that have developed in past periods of language development in society. At the same time, the linguistic picture of the world changes over time, and its changes are a reflection of the changing world, the emergence of new realities. The concepts of "world picture" and" language picture of the world " differ from each other: the world picture can be represented using spatial, temporal, and other parameters; the language picture of the world seems to complement objective knowledge about reality, often distorting them.
So, the picture of the world isbasically scientific and is always revised, changing to take into account new discoveries, and the linguistic picture of the world is to a considerableextent a legacy of centuries, storing a lot of mistakes and misconceptions. Thelanguage picture of the world turns out to be outdated over time,but all thematerial mastered by language does not disappear without a trace, it becomes a building material for creating new meanings. The linguistic picture of the world forms the type of relationship between a person and the surrounding world by creating a certain "space of meaning" in the form of fixing in the language the knowledge of the world in its national and cultural version of a separate ethnic group.
As we noted above, there is a distinction between conceptual and linguistic worldviews. The conceptual picture of the world is much richer than the linguistic picture of the world. The linguistic and conceptual worldviews do not coincide. The conceptual picture of the world is recognized as more global and voluminous, since it is a collection of concepts. It is broader and richer than the language picture of the world, since information about the world is encoded not only verbally, but also nonverbally. The defining element of the linguistic worldview is the semantic field, and the units of the conceptual worldview are the constants of consciousness. The conceptual picture of the world contains information presented in concepts, and the language picture of the world is based on it. there is knowledge that is fixed in semantic categories, semantic fields. Each person has his own conceptual picture of the world. Even for representatives of the same era, they can be completely different. The conceptual picture of the world depends on social status, age categories, and different areas of scientific knowledge. Many scientists relate the picture of the world to the conceptual one, since they consider it reliable, with the help of which one can interpret certain ideas about the world. The linguistic and conceptual worldviews are inextricably linked. The linguistic worldview is included in the conceptual worldview and is part of it. The conceptual picture of the world reflects the specifics of a person and his being, and the linguistic picture of the world reflects the general picture of the world. very important to distinguish between the concepts of "conceptual worldview" and "linguistic or naive worldview".
Thus, it can be stated that at the present stage of linguistics development, language models of the world become the object of description and interpretation within the complex of human sciences. The worldview of any language is considered not only in the context of linguistics, but also in the context of folklore, mythology, culture, history, customs and psychology of this people.

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      1.3.Space category and conceptualization 
      

In this study, such terms as "category", "categorization", . These concepts are related to the cognitive activity of a person,namely, theactivity that results in a person coming to a certain decision or knowledge.
V. A. Maslova writes that cognitive activity refers to the processes that accompany information processing, and consists in creating special structures of consciousness. Then language (speech) activity is one of the types of cognitive activity7. A category is one of the cognitive forms of thinking of a person, which allows you to generalize his experience and classify it, and is also a point of knowledge, the moment when thinking penetrates the essence of things. A category is an ideal analog of the material world, its general properties, connections, and relationships.
E. S. Kubryakova notes that the formation of a category is closely related to the formation of a concept or group of concepts, around which it is built, i.e. with the allocation of a set of features that express the idea of similarity or similarity of the units being combined: in natural categories, its members are combined not because such a set is considered mandatory for each member of the category, but because these members show-to a greater or lesser extent-some types of similarity with the member who is chosen for the best representative of of the class… In any language of the world, special designations are used to identify the main categories for it, and the presence of such a name is a clear proof of the relevance and significance of the concepts and realities behind it. 8
The key concepts in the description of cognitive activity and cognitive abilities of a person in general are the concepts of conceptualization and categorization. Both conceptualization and categorization are classification activities, but they differ in their end result and purpose. Conceptualization is aimed at understanding the information that comes to a person, and the formation of a about the world, that is, a conceptual system, is carried out in several stages within a complex coordinate system. Categorization is both a process of dividing the world into categories of different levels of abstraction and summing up phenomena, objects, and processes. The cognitive approach to language analysis consists in identifying and explaining the processes of categorization and conceptualization that are reflected in the language.
FurtherV. A. Maslovanotesthat categorization is a cognitive division of reality, the essence of which is to divide the entire ontological space into various categorical areas. This is the structuring of the world, the act of assigning a word / object to a particular group, and a way to establish hierarchical relationships like "class – class member". It statesthat categorization is distinguished from classification by the fact that classification combines similar phenomena and objects into one category, and categorization highlights the essential similarities of similar phenomena. Categorization is an important process of human cognitive activity, which consists in understanding the information coming to him and leading to the formation of concepts, conceptual structures and the entire conceptual system in the human psyche. Perceiving the world, a person identifies relevant elements for him, divides it into certain parts, and then thinks of reality in these parts. 9
Categorization is the process of forming and isolating the categories themselves, dividing the external and internal world of a person according to the essential characteristics of its functioning and being, an ordered representation of various phenomena by reducing them to a smaller number of categories or associations, etc., and also the result of classification activity.
Conceptualization is closely related to categorization. Conceptualization is derived from the Latin word: conceptio – "concept", "understanding", "design". In the" Newest Philosophical Dictionary " edited by A. A. Gritsanov, conceptualization is explained as a procedure for introducing ontological representations into the accumulated array of empirical data; a primary theoretical form that provides the theoretical organization of the material; a scheme for connecting concepts that reflect possible trends in the reference field of objects, which allows you to produce hypotheses about their nature and the nature of relationships; a method of organizing mental work that allows you to move from the material and primary theoretical concepts to more and more abstract constructs that reflect in the limit the assumptions underlying the construction of the vision picture of the studied segment of reality "10.
In the" Short Dictionary of Cognitive Terms "edited by E. S. Kubryakova, conceptualization is defined as conceptualization – "conceptual classification" 11. This is one of the most important processes of human cognitive activity, where it consists in understanding the information coming to it and leading to the formation of concepts, conceptual structures and the entire conceptual system in the human psyche. Conceptualization is often considered as different forms of cognition, as a process of knowledge and the emergence of different structures of knowledge representation from certain minimal conceptual units. Each individual act of conceptualization is an example of solving a problem and involves mechanisms for inference, obtaining output data, and other logical operations. The process of conceptualization is closely related to the process of categorization: being a classification activity, they also differ in the final result and purpose of the activity. Conceptualization is aimed at identifying certain minimal units of human experience in their ideal content representation, and categorization is aimed at combining units that are similar in one way or another or are characterized in larger categories.
Spatial modeling of linguistic entities is based on conceptual borrowing from other sciences. For example, a term system that includes spatial concepts used in linguistics:space, distance, level, field, area, site, neighborhood, center, proximity, distance, border, space dimension, space coordinatesand so on.
Being expressed in the concept of linguistic space, the spatial aspect of language plays an important role in linguogeographic research. Depending on the scale of such a language space, one can distinguish, for example, the linguistic space, which is understood as the territory of the distribution of a language as a whole, dialect, or dialect; the language space of a city, which is a form of the existence of a language system, is united by a single language picture of the world, and also consists of a set of speech texts of various linguistic personalities within the boundaries of the territory of one city.
The study of system relations in a language, as well as the study of its national semantic space, is a modeling of a secondary, indirect, linguistic picture of the world. An important element in identifying the linguistic picture of the world is the comparison of the language with other languages. Cognitive interpretation of the results of the study of the language picture of the world, the description of the national semantic space allows us to move from the language picture of the world to the cognitive one, to the description of the national conceptual sphere. The study of the linguistic worldview itself has a purely linguistic meaning – to describe language as a system, to identify what is in the language and how the elements that make up the language are ordered in it; but if the researcher interprets the results obtained to identify the cognitive structures of consciousness indicated by the language, the description of the linguistic worldview goes beyond purely linguistic research and it becomes part of linguocognitive research – it is used for modeling and describing the conceptual sphere, the conceptual picture of the world. In this case, language signs and words act as a means of accessing a single information base of a person – his concept sphere, and are a method of identifying cognitive structures.
Currently, there are three categories of spaces in the language system::

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   1)ontological naive, i.e. ordinary language category or concept of space,
   
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   2)ontological scientific category of space and 
   
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   3)methodological category of space. 
   

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   1.ontological naive language category of space represents the generalized spatial experience of people, receives expression in language and enters the naive language picture of the world. Space is an object of cognition of ordinary native speakers, and the language category of space is a form of its representation in their minds. Thanks to language categories, linguists have the opportunity to reconstruct everyday knowledge about space. 
   
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   2.ontological scientific category of co spacedefines the spatial essence of language in the scientific consciousness of linguists. The idea of the spatial way of being a language as an objective reality is an integral part of any theoretical model of language.
   
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   3.methodological category of space is an important cognitive tool of linguistics. It is based on metaphorical transference and serves to interpret the results of the study of spatial relations both within the language and in its environment. 
   

Without going into the details of the analysis of the work, we note that such a complex category as space, whose essence and specificity in the course of the development of human civilization is continuously enriched and refined by new scientific discoveries, has a far from complete explanation and description in linguistics, philosophy, and the exact sciences. Science constantly makes adjustments to the schemes of understanding and measuring space, discovering more and more new functions of space that are still unknown to human civilization. The study of the linguistic expression of the category of space is not fully implemented for any of the languages, the system of conceptual forms of studying and describing the spatial parameters of the world is constantly enriched with some new approaches, concepts and means of fixing spatial relations.

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      1.4.Space in the scientific literature 
      

Space in the scientific literature is considered in various aspects. At the end of the twentieth century, the study of spatial relations began to arouse increasing interest among linguists. A significant role in this was played by the use of cognitive analysis, the study of the language picture of the world, categorization, conceptualization of the world, and its national specifics, that is, a review of studies of spatial relations in language.
In the modern scientific foreign and domestic literature on the study of cognitive linguistics, there are a significant number of works that are devoted to the study of concepts, in particular, the problems of studying space in various aspects. Therefore, the cognitive approach becomes particularly valuable in comparative studies of languages of different systems, while allowing us to trace national-specific differences in the linguistic categorization of reality.
The use of cognitive analysis, the study of the linguistic conceptualization of the world, the linguistic picture of the world with its national-specific features aroused interest in language units with spatial meaning in cognitive science. The research was conducted in different directions: semantic, cognitive, ethnolinguistic, etc.
A detailed analysis of research directions is given in M. P. Titov's work "Spatial relations in the picture of the world: aspects of scientific research"12. Spatial vocabulary and individual concepts that form the category of space were described in the works of such linguists as E. S. Kubryakova, E. V. Rakhilina, A.V. Kravchenko, E. S. Yakovlev, I. M. Kobozev, Yu. D. Apresyan, R. M. Frumkina.
In recent decades, the description of the category of space is carried out mainly from the point of view of a cognitive approach. Most often, the lexical layer of the language is analyzed in detail, i.e. spatial vocabulary-meta-units of space description, for example, object, place, space and time, path, circle, wheel 13, adverbs with the meaning of near-far 14, names of spatial parameters, spatial adjectives 15. A large number of works are devoted to verbs denoting any kind of spatial localization 16.
In cognitive linguistics, space is considered as one of the most important concepts of culture, which is reflected in language, recorded in written speech and in works of art. Researcher V. A. Maslova, studying the concept sphere of the Russian language, writes that the concept of space along with time and number are fundamental concepts of culture. It is on the basis of these concepts that a person's ideas about the surrounding reality, his perception of the world, as well as belonging to a certain cultural and historical community.17 In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the perception of space is carried out on the basis of proximal/distal. The proximal space, which is "characterized in relation to the person himself as a certain way arranged organism", is the immediate space of a person in contrast to the distal one, in which a person is considered as a social type. Spatial relations are the type of relations that are mastered by a person earlier than many others, for example, temporal relations that involve a change of events, conditionality relations that include causes, effects, conditions, etc. They are basic in relation to other types of semantic relations18.
E. V. Rakhilina's work"Semantics of Russian positional predicates"19examines the category of size, which is one of the main factors in the formation of spatial meaning, as well as the semantics of Russian positional predicates such as stand, lie, sit and hang.
E. S. Kubryakova's work "On the concepts of place, object and spaces"20devoted to theoretical problems of cognitive analysis and the study of the category of space.
Thanks to many years of research in the field of linguistic expression of the category of space, it has already been possible to recreate its naive image in many ways. In particular, researchers point to the anthropocentric nature of a person's perception of space, and speak about the subject's appropriation of space in which he himself acts as a reference point: space is organized around a person who puts himself in the center of the macro - and microcosm. E. S. Yakovleva notes that the category of space is ethnocentric. For example, Russian language consciousness is characterized by a horizontal orientation in space: a typical flat landscape contributed to the formation of" flat " thinking of speakers.21
Foreign linguists like Herskovits A., Hawkins B., Lindkvist K., Miller J., Johnson-Laird P. In their works, they considered the theory of the functional meaning of spatial prepositional vocabulary.
In Uzbek linguistics, studies of verbalization of the concept "Space" have not been conducted. However, it should be noted that candidate and doctoral dissertations were devoted to the study of spatial values in a comparative aspect. Special mention should be made of comparative studies of Russian and Uzbek verbs, which covered issues of lexicology, morphology, word formation, etc., by such linguists as A. N. Kononov, E. D. Polivanov, Sh. Rakhmatullaev, N. Abdurakhmanov, V. Reshetov, O. Azizov, A. Safoev, Kh. Zhamolkhonov, Sulaimonov, A. Shcherbak, I. Kissen, A. Gulyamov, S. Ferdaus, A. Khodzhiev, Sh. Shukurov, E. Fozilov, M. Sodikova, J. Juraeva, G. Sharipov and others.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a new era opened in the study of the Uzbek language. For the first time, fundamentally new tasks were set in this area. The study of the Uzbek language from a scientific point of view has begun.
In Uzbek linguistics, issues of cognitive linguistics, in particular the study of the structure and semantics of concepts, have been considered relatively recently. Questions of studying concepts (time, beauty, food, mind, fate, wealth, family, etc.) are covered in comparative works of A. O. Pak, Z. A. Gulova, Sh. K. Fazilova, etc. However, despite the well-known number of special works devoted to various areas of research appearedrecently, many important problems of comparative language learning, in particular Russian, are still being discussed.the English and Uzbek chzksrequire further development.
Lexicographic sources use various terms to denote the main name of this category in linguistics: locativity, locality, specialty, space, place. However, despite the well-known number of special works devoted to various areas of research that have appeared recently, many important problems of comparative language learning require further development.