Theory and practice of translation

An integral transformation: How do you do? – Салом! Здравствуйте!

2. Antonymic translation is a complex lexico-grammatical substitution of a positive construction for the negative one and vice-versa, which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated.
E.g.: Are you awake? – Ухлаяпсанми? Ты не спишь?;
Keep off the grass! – Майса устидан юрманг! Не ходите по газону!;
He was not old enough – Он был довольно молодой. У анча ёш эди.
Let a sleeping dog lie. – Ухлаб ёткан итни уйғотманг. Не буди спящую собаку.
Antonymic translation is more frequently used when rendering negative constructions by affirmative ones. This may be accounted for by the stylistic use of negative constructions in English for purposes of expressiveness. The English language uses grammatically only one negative in a sentence – either with a verb or with a noun but it maces a stylistic use of two negatives of which one is formed by grammatical means and the other – by means of affixation (negative prefixes or suffixes) or by lexical means, i.e. by words with a negative meanings.
3. Compensation is used when certain elements in the original text cannot be expressed in terms of the language it is translated into.
It was just an accident – Случай вышел такой (the translator must show the hero’s mistake in his speech).
He was asha­med of his parents...., because they said «he don't» and «she don't»… - (Селинджер) — У ўз ота-онасидан уяларди, чунки улар сўзларни нотўғри талаффуз қилардилар. ...Он стеснялся своих родителей, потому что они говорили «хочут» и «хочете» (перевод Р. Райт - Ковалевой)
Questions for self-control

1. 
   What types of lexical difficulties exist in translation?
   
2. 
   What types of lexical transformation – substitution do you know?
   
3. 
   What do you understand under concretization?
   
4. 
   What do you understand under generalisation?
   
5. 
   When can Compensation be used?
   
6. 
   What do you understand under antonymic translation?