Thermal dynamics volume

Sections of thermodynamics [ edit | edit code ]

Modern phenomenological thermodynamics is usually divided into equilibrium (or classical) thermodynamics, which studies equilibrium thermodynamic systems and processes in such systems, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which studies nonequilibrium processes in systems in which the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is relatively small and still allows a thermodynamic description.
In equilibrium thermodynamics, variables such as internal energy, temperature, entropy, and chemical potential are introduced. All of them are called thermodynamic parameters (values). Classical thermodynamics studies the connections of thermodynamic parameters with each other and with physical quantities introduced into consideration in other branches of physics, for example, with a gravitational or electromagnetic field acting on a system. Chemical reactions and phase transitions are also included in the subject of classical thermodynamics. However, the study of thermodynamic systems, in which chemical transformations play an essential role, is the subject of chemical thermodynamics , and heat engineering deals with technical applications .
In systems that are not in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, for example, in a moving gas, the local equilibrium approximation can be used, in which it is assumed that the equilibrium thermodynamic relations are satisfied locally at each point of the system. However, in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, variables are considered as local not only in space, but also in time, that is, time can be explicitly included in its formulas.
Classical thermodynamics includes the following sections:

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  principles of thermodynamics (sometimes also called laws or axioms)
  
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  equations of state and properties of simple thermodynamic systems ( ideal gas , real gas , dielectrics and magnets , etc.)
  
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  equilibrium processes with simple systems, thermodynamic cycles
  
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  non-equilibrium processes and the law of non-decreasing entropy
  
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  thermodynamic phases and phase transitions
  

In addition, modern thermodynamics also includes the following areas:

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  a rigorous mathematical formulation of thermodynamics based on convex analysis
  
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  non-extensive thermodynamics
  
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  application of thermodynamics to non-standard systems (see thermodynamics of black holes )
  
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  quantum thermodynamics ^[17]