Tourism Business as the World’s Largest Industry and Employer

Tours and Travelers.
Advantages of Packaged Tours to the Public
A tourist is usually defined as a person who is visiting some place other than his usual residence for more than 24 hours. A tourist is distinguished by the length of his trip from an excursionist, who is away from his usual residence for less than 24 hours, or at most a weekend.
Many people travel entirely for the purpose of recreation or pleasure; they are people on holiday. Other people travel for reason of health. Some people travel to visit friends or relatives, a reason that has become more important because of increased mobility throughout the world. Others travel in order to educate themselves in accordance with the old precept that travel is broadening the mind. All of these people are generally considered tourists since the primary reason for their trips is recreation.
Most tourist statistics also include people who are travelling on business. Among them are businessmen and government officials on specific mission, as well as people attending meetings or conventions.
It is difficult to separate pure recreation travel from business travel. The recreational travelers respond to a greater degree to lower fares and other inducements in pricing and selecting the destination for their trips. In a technical phase, they make up a price elastic market. The business groups, on the other hand, make up a price inelastic market. Their trips are not scheduled according to lower fares, the destination is determined in advance, and their employers usually pay for the expense. They are looking for dependable rather than inexpensive service. Business travelers also make more trips to large cities or industrial centers than to resort areas, although many conventions are now held at resort hotels.
Tour operators can be considered the wholesalers of the tourist industry. Their product is the packaged tour. There are two prin­cipal kinds of packaged tours, the inclusive tour (IT), usually on the scheduled airlines, and the charter inclusive tour (CIT), usu­ally on chartered, nonscheduled airlines. Packaged tours offer transportation, hotel accommodations, and transfer to and from the airport. The tourist pays a lower price for this package than if he were trying to make all the arrangements on his own. In addi­tion to the basic features, the tour package may also offer meals, entertainment, sightseeing, a rental car, and many other extras.
The tour operator organizes packaged or individual tours by providing rail, plane, car rental, motor coach, ship, hotel accom­modation, holiday apartments, itineraries, transfers and bro­chures.
The typical package that the European tour operators put to­gether consists of the least expensive two-week holiday tour. It was primarily intended for Northern Europeans who wanted a Mediterranean vacation. As the competition among the operators brought prices down, many people who had never traveled before were encouraged to try a trip abroad. Both tourism in general and the tour operating companies themselves expanded very rapidly.
The rapid expansion has resulted in many changes in manage­ment and methods of operation for the firms in the business. A sounder financial base became necessary, since tour groups were sometimes left stranded because tour operators did not have suffi­cient cash to pay the price of the aircraft charter. Some of the tour operators have now been absorbed by conglomerates, the huge modern corporations that engage in many different kinds of busi­ness. Others have close ties with particular charter airlines or ho­tel chains. A few have become involved in resort development.
Other tours are put together by all sorts of clubs and organiza­tions whose main purpose is not travel. They may be as diverse as cultural groups or labor unions. They are the basis for many of the affinity group charters — tours for people with similar interests and tastes. The tours that are arranged by these organizations in­clude the normal components of the travel package. They are, in fact, direct competitors of tours put together by the companies in the travel industry.
Tours are also arranged for employees and their spouses by cor­porations. The corporations typically offer these vacation trips as a reward for superior sales efforts or as an incentive to improve per­formance. This type of tour is of course not open to the general pub­lic, but it is welcomed by the airlines and by hotel operators in the established resorts that frequently attract business of this kind.
It is possible to distinguish between two general types of tours. One is the holiday package that has a resort hotel as its destina­tion. While local sightseeing or entertainment may be included in the package, the tours are generally without expensive extras. The major attractions usually include the sun, the sea, and activities such as golf or tennis that are offered by the resort itself.
The second type of tour is the guided tour that features sightsee­ing or some other special attraction. These tours are accompanied by a guide who is in charge of travel arrangements and activities. The activity offered by the tour is its principal attraction. The tour may combine travel with education. Most of these tours include seve­ral different destinations and a good deal of local travel within one region. Thus, they require careful arrangement and coordination of accommodations, local transportation, baggage handling, and all the other details that accompany any kind of travel.
The public derives many advantages from packaged tours, the most obvious being the price. When airplane seats and hotel rooms are reserved in blocks by the tour operators, considerable savings are passed on to the customers. These savings have been reflected in the last few years by the great increase in tourism. Many people would never travel at all without the price inducements offered by packaged tours.
The second advantage is the opportunity for the tourist to make all his travel arrangements in one place at one time. The in­dependent traveler — one who does not travel as a member of a group — often has to go to considerable trouble to put the differ­ent pieces of his trip together. Airline seats may not be available when he wants them, or he may not be able to secure the hotel ac­commodations that he wants. Even when a travel agent makes the arrangements, these difficulties still exist, but with the packaged tour they are eliminated for the consumer.
The third advantage is accessibility. It means that tours make it possible for people to visit many remote areas that would other­wise be too difficult for them to see on their own.


Business Trip
A business trip or official trip is a travel/journey caused by business necessities. The place of employment is left temporarily, e.g.:

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  to visit customers, suppliers or a trade fair;
  
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  to participate in congresses or seminars;
  
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  for further education;
  
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  for excursions for research, scientific campaigns;
  
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  for teachers to participate in study trips, school or exploratory trips;
  
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  for work in civil engineering, construction, geology, etc.
  

Business trips have to be approved by the employer, who usually meets the costs. The traveling expenses can be calculated in detail or by a lump sum, depending on the average expense of the travel country.
For activities away, the correspondent term in military is duty travel, in politics facility trip.
Business Travel