Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
particularly 1979: 27390, with bibliographical references)
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
particularly 1979: 27390, with bibliographical references). 2.6.2 Translating behaviour Let us look at another example. Example 2 : somebody complains about her neighbour gossiping about other people, which she finds rather embarrassing. I never encourage her to say more, she says. The (literal) translation at type level would be: Ich ermutige sie nie, mehr zu sagen. German native speakers would criticize this translatum by saying: “But this is not how we would put it!” The criticism obviously refers to a (real or fictitious) situation, i.e. not to the type but to the token level. How would Ger man native speakers put it? They would say something like Ich gehe einfach nicht darauf ein (‘I simply do not react to it’) or (‘I simply do not react to it’) or Ich überhöre so etwas einfach (‘I simply ignore such things’). If we applied the same procedure to example 1 , we would end up with type 2 (or some variant of it). Note that variants really have to be variants of the same lect, and in the case of type 2 , a very colloquial expression like ‘You’ve gotta be kidding!’ would not belong to an equivalent lect. The decisive requirement for a solution like type 2 is that it must be ac ceptable in a reallife situation of the ‘same’ kind. Again, we may scale down our expectations by requiring acceptability in an ‘equivalent’ situation. For a solution like type 2 , the situation is the decisive factor because it is in the situation that the meaning of a text takes form as ‘sense’ (cf. Vermeer 1972: 6369: intended meaning, ‘what is meant’). In this model, the translator deals with five factors, with the ‘situation’ remaining unchanged (bearing the above caveats in mind): the source text, with regard to its form and its ‘sense’; the situation; the target text, with regard to its ‘sense’ and its form, as represented in the following diagram. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 31 For example: an Englishspeaking author writes an English novel for an Englishspeaking audience. The German target text is directed at a Germanspeaking audience whose ‘situation’ is naturally different from that of the Englishspeaking audience. Again, we can postulate equivalence between the source and target texts. However, as, in this case, the situation is included, equivalence not only refers to verbal but also to any other cultural phenomena, which have to be of ‘equal value’. Here, translation is more than a twophase communication including transcoding; it is a cultural transfer ( 3.). If we take this seriously, identical situations are simply not possible. The concept of ‘situation’ must be defined more narrowly. We are looking for equivalent forms of behaviour in equivalent situations. How does speaker T behave in a corresponding situation? Seen this way, the use of language is a specific form of human behaviour. Under certain circumstances, culturespecific behaviour may be signalled verbally in one culture, and nonverbally in another. For example: (in Britain) Thank you! / (in India) (depending on the situation) a smile / lifting the present to one’s forehead, etc. Language is therefore defined as behaviour, or, more precisely, as commu nicative behaviour, which in turn is a specific form of interaction. From this point of view, a type 2 translation requires a comprehensive knowledge of culturespecific behaviour. We think that a theory of translational action based on the condi- tions of type 2 is the more solid theory because it is more complex and more general. This is the theory underlying the considerations in this book. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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