Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained

Index of Subjects

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Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
219
intended recipient see 
addressee
intention 
54
,
 
87
,
89
,
140
,
see 
aim
,
see 
purpose
interaction 
17
,
 
19
,
63
,
 
90
intergenerational conflict 
87
interlanguage 
73
interlinear version 
124
interpretation 
93
interpreter 
14
, 
82
interpreting 
7
,
9
,
14
,
 
69
,
82
interpreting, consecutive 
7
,
 
12
,
59
interpreting, simultaneous 
7
,
59
,
73
,
 
134
invariance 
116
invariance of content 
176
invariance of effect 
93
,
117
invariance of function 
188
invariance of skopos 
192
invariance of values 
116
L
language 
17
language mediator 
8
,
 
49
,
51
,
 
78
lect 
30
-
21
,
29
,
 
30
listener see 
recipient
M
mapping 
38
,
42
,
 
80
,
103
,
107
meaning 
32
meaning, intended 
30
,
see 
sense
mimesis 
82
N
neologisms 
7
norm 
88
,
161
note-taking 
12
notice 
161
-
167
O
objective reality 
24
objectivity 
2
offer of information 
18
,
33
,
61
,
68
-
79
,
97
organon model 
55
,
 
61
,
158
P
paradigm 
3
parallel text 
162
,
172
-
175
paraphrase 
83
parody 
72
,
163
pragmalinguistics 
1
presuppositions 
42
,
 
101
producer 
2
,
17
,
 
136
production see 
text production
production, receptive 
66
protest 
63
,
96
-
98
 
purpose 
17
,
27
,
 
86
,
see 
skopos
Q
quasi-translation 
10
R
reader see 
recipient
reception see 
text reception
reception process 
56
reception, productive 
66
recipient 
4
,
 
17
,
81
,
 
90
,
96
,
 
139
recipient, chance 
64
refraction 
23
-
24
relativism, linguistic 
27
representation 
55
,
 
61
re-production theory 
18
S
sanction 
65
sender see 
producer
sense 
30
,
54
shape poetry 
21
sight translation 
12
sign 
19
simulation 
79
,
 
80
,
83
situation 
17
,
26
,
 
30
-
31
, 
 
64
,
 
67
-
68
,
85
,
86
,
150
skopos 
27
,
85
-
94
,
see 
purpose
source text 
3
,
 
17
,
77
,
 
81
speaker see 
producer
speech act theory 
55
style theory 
21
,
193
success 
63
,
 
64
,
78
,
 
88
-
89
,
95
-
98
super-sign 
19
system 
19

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Index of Subjects
220
T
target text 
3
,
see 
translatum
terminology 
3
,
3
,
16
,
 
40
,
60
,
 
63
text 
11
,
17
,
18
,
27
,
54
,
108
,
136
,
140
-
142
text class 
156
text domain 
156
text effect 
18
text genre 
156
text group 
156
text production 
18
,
137
,
192
,
see 
pro-
duction
text reception 
18
,
see 
reception
text status 
181
text type 
136
,
142
,
153
,
156
,
176
-
178
,
181
-
191
text type, multimedial 
137
,
156
,
187
,
 
188
text type, operative 
54
,
137
,
142
text type, informative 
137
text type, expressive 
54
,
68
,
70
,
137
text variety 
156
textology 
1
,
 
173
,
 
175
theory 
1
token, level of 
4
,
28
tradition 
23
,
33
transcoding 
29
,
31
,
32
,
39
,
41
-
43
,
50
,
59
,
69
transfer 
21
-
22
.
25
,
 
27
-
30
,
79
-
80
,
 
97
transfer, cultural 
106
translating 
9
translating, achievement-oriented 
116
translating, adaptive 
130
translation 
1
,
10
,
see 
offer of in-
formation
, see 
translatum
,
see 
translational action
,
see 
translation
studies
translation as an aid to comprehen-
sion 
126
translation competence 
16
,
29
-
30
translation function 
4
translation, alienating 
49
,
 
82
translation, assimilating 
49
,
82
translation, checking 
9
translation, communicative 
125
,
149
,
171
,
190
translation, correctability 
9
translation, creative 
125
translation, documentary 
83
,
 
173
translation, domesticating 
71
translation, foreignizing 
71
translation, full overview of the 
text 
9
translation, history of 
16
translation, intercultural 
22
translation, interlingual 
22
translation, intralingual 
22
translation, linguistic 
171
translation, literal 
124
translation, literary 
14
,
 
40
-
41
,
92
translation, machine 
42
,
194
translation, non-literary 
14
translation, overt/covert 
45
–
48
translation, philological 
124
,
 
175
translation, popularizing 
126
translation, primary 
48
,
 
50
translation, scientific 
40
translation, secondary 
48
,
50
translation theory, prospective 
69
translational action 
3
,
 
5
,
 
10
,
 
14
,
 
39
,
 
71
,
74
,
 
82
,
97
,
see 
interpreting
translational action, models of 
106
translational action, process of 
18
translational occurrence 
16
translation studies 
8
,
121
,
155
,
161
,
172
,
181
translatology 
1
,
see 
translation studies
translatum 
1
,
 
4
,
 
8
,
 
9
,
 
10
,
18
travesty 
163
truth 
99
truth value 
24
,
 
25
,
88
type, level of 
28
U
understanding 
39
,
56
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
95
,
96
,
 
98
,
99

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Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
221
V
vagueness 
63
value 
23
,
25
,
 
27
,
29
visual poetry 
21
W
world(s) 
17
,
 
23
,
57
,
 
62
,
63
,
 
105
,
 
140
writer see 
producer

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Document Outline

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Translator’s preface
• Foreword to the first edition
• Foreword to the second edition
• 0. Introduction
  • 0.1 Preliminary remarks
  • 0.2 General epistemological considerations
  • 0.3 The purpose of T&I studies
  • 0.4 General remarks on terminology
• Part I. Theoretical groundwork
  • 1. Terminological distinctions
    • 1.1 The need for a generic term
    • 1.2 The advantage of neologisms
    • 1.3 Formal distinctions
    • 1.4 Summary
    • 1.5 Other definitions
  • 2. Of worlds and languages
    • 2.1 Framework for a theory of translational action: an overview
    • 2.2 The concept of ‘language’
    • 2.3 Forms of transfer
    • 2.4 Summary: ‘Transfer’ as a generic concept
    • 2.5 Language and culture
    • 2.6 What is translated?
  • 3. Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ (functional definition) (cf. Vermeer 1982)
    • 3.1 Different translation strategies at work
    • 3.2 Translation seen as a two-phase communication process
    • 3.3 An ‘information’ theory of translation
    • 3.4 In search of a consistent theory: five examples
    • 3.5 Another short note on terminology
    • 3.6 Translation as an IO about another IO
    • 3.7 Types of ‘information offers’ about texts
    • 3.8 The benefits of our theory
    • 3.9 Translation as ‘imitatio’
  • 4. The priority of purpose (skopos theory)
    • 4.1 Introductory remarks
    • 4.2 The priority of functionality
    • 4.3 Summary
    • 4.4 The skopos rule
    • 4.5 The sociological rule
    • 4.6 Phases in decision-making
    • 4.7 Skopos hierarchies
    • 4.8 Source-text skopos vs. target-text skopos
  • 5. Summary of the theoretical groundwork ( 3., 4.)
  • 6. Some further considerations regarding the theoretical groundwork
    • 6.1 Success and protest
    • 6.2 Intratextual coherence
    • 6.3 Intertextual coherence (fidelity)
    • 6.4 Types of coherence
  • 7. General rules for translational action
  • 8. Taxonomy for a theory of translational action
    • 8.1 Preliminary remarks
    • 8.2 Models of translational action
    • 8.3 Taxonomy
• Part II. Specific theories
  • 9. The relationship between source text and target text
  • 10. Equivalence and adequacy
    • 10.0 Preliminary remarks
    • 10.1 Towards a definition of equivalence
    • 10.2 Origin of the equivalence concept
    • 10.3 On the fuzziness of the equivalence concept
    • 10.4 Defining the scope of the equivalence concept
    • 10.5 The concept of adequacy
    • 10.6 Equivalence vs. adequacy
    • 10.7 Equivalence as a dynamic concept
    • 10.8 Text and textual equivalence
    • 10.9 Equivalence criteria
    • 10.10 Achieving textual equivalence in the translation process
    • 10.11 The text
    • 10.12 Hierarchies of equivalence requirements
    • 10.13 Discussion of examples
    • 10.14 Conclusions
  • 11. Genre theory
    • 11.0 Introduction
    • 11.1 The concept of genre
    • 11.2 Genre definition
    • 11.3 Genre conventions and genre classes
    • 11.4 The role of genre in the communicative event
    • 11.5 The role of genre in the translation process
    • 11.6 Summary
  • 12. Text type and translation
    • 12.0 Preliminary remarks
    • 12.1 Text status
    • 12.2 Text function
    • 12.3 Text types
    • 12.4 Hybrid forms
    • 12.5 Identifying signals
    • 12.6 Amplification of the typology
    • 12.7 The relevance of text types for translation
• Epilogue
• Bibliography
• Index of Authors
• Index of Subjects