Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
35 He even reproduces the dashes Spanish authors use in dialogues where Ger- man authors would use inverted commas: In einer Gesellschaft, an der Professoren des Collège de France, der Universität und andere diesem Kreise nahestehende Personen teilnah- men, sprach jemand davon, dass es unmöglich sei, gewisse deutsche Denker zu übersetzen, und schlug, die Frage verallgemeinernd, vor, eine Untersuchung darüber anzustellen, welche Philosophen übersetzt werden könnten und welche nicht. Der Vorschlag schien von der Annahme auszugehen, und zwar aus vollster Überzeugung, daß es Philosophen, oder allgemeiner ge sagt, Schriftsteller gäbe, die wirklich übersetzt werden könnten. – Ist das nicht eine Täuschung – erlaubte ich mir einzuwerfen –, ist das Übersetzen nicht ein hoffnungslos utopisches Bemühen? Tatsächlich neige ich jeden Tag mehr zu der Meinung, daß alles, was der Mensch unternimmt, utopisch ist. (Ortega y Gasset 1957: 9-11) In contrast, Reiß tries to render the sense, adapting both the structures and the punctuation to German norms and conventions (for more details on her translation strategy cf. Reiß �1974��1986, Reiß 1978a and Reiß 1980b): Auf einer kleinen Gesellschaft, bei der Professoren des Collège de France, der Universität und derlei Persönlichkeiten mehr anwesend sind, kommt jemand darauf zu sprechen, daß es unmöglich sei, gewisse deutsche Denker zu übersetzen, und er schlägt vor, man solle einmal ganz generell untersuchen, welche Philosophen übersetzbar seien und welche nicht. Dieser Vorschlag scheint mir mit allzu fester Überzeugung davon auszugehen, daß es Philosophen und überhaupt Schriftsteller gibt, die tatsächlich übersetzbar sind. “Ist das nicht eine Illusion?” erlaubte ich mir einzuwerfen. “Ist Übersetzen nicht ein ausweglos utopisches Beginnen? Wirklich, ich neige von Tag zu Tag mehr zu der Ansicht, daß alles, was der Mensch tut, utopisch ist”. (Ortega y Gasset 1976: 7) The third example deals with effect-oriented translation. According to Nida (1964: 7), faithfulness with regard to text effect means “to reproduce in his �the translator’s�� audience something of the same effect which is understood to have existed in the response of the original hearers”. Thierfelder (1953) discusses this strategy when referring to the translation of comedies, which are intended to be put on a modern stage. With regard to his translation of Terence’s Eunuchus, he writes: The aim is to produce an effect on today’s spectators or readers, which is as similar as possible to the effect Menander or Terence produced on their contemporaries. This means that the translation has to be Translational action as an ‘offer of information’ 36 relatively free because in order to be effective certain expressions cannot be reproduced literally. Moreover, as a comic effect is impos- sible without smooth text comprehension, some expressions have to be expanded in a certain way. 15 In Eunuchus (v. 197-206), a courtesan named Thaїs wants to help Pamphile, a free citizen’s daughter who has been kidnapped and sold as slave to a foreign “general” (as Thierfelder translates the generic term miles) who, in turn, in- tends to give her as a present to Thaїs in order to gain her favour. Although Thaїs is actually in love with a young man called Phaedria, she pretends to accept the gift. With regard to Phaedria, she says to herself in Act I, Scene III (according to the English translation “into familiar blank verse” by George Coleman, cf. Terence 1768): Example 3: Ah me! I fear that he believes me not, And judges of my heart from those of others. I in my conscience know, that nothing false I have deliver’d, nor to my true heart Is any dearer than this Phaedria: And whatsoe’er in this affair I’ve done, For the girl’s sake I’ve done: for I’m in hopes I know her brother, a right noble youth. Today I wait him, by his own appointment; Wherefore I’ll in, and tarry for his coming. In his German translation of the play, Thierfelder adds thirteen verses of his own in order to help the modern audience understand the culture-specific background of the plan. In English, these additional verses would read approxi- mately as follows (again in “familiar blank verse”): If everything works out as I have planned, I shall not have to please the general for long. It’s true, he thinks and is convinced (And even makes it a condition) That I, to thank him for the girl he gave me, Will love and cherish him, and only him, For half a year or six entire months. 15 Ihr Ziel ist, bei heutigen Zuschauern oder Lesern eine möglichst ähnliche Wirkung her- vorzurufen wie Menander oder Terenz bei ihren Zeitgenossen. Diese Absicht bedingt eine gewisse Freiheit des Übersetzens, da manches nicht unmittelbar wörtlich in wirksamer Weise nachgebildet werden kann. Weil ferner komische Wirkung nicht ohne glattes Text- verständnis möglich ist, muß im einzelnen mancher Ausdruck etwas verbreitert werden. (Thierfelder 1961: 74) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 37 I feigned to grant this favour when he came Last night (and for this reason Phaedria Was not let in). But if Pamphile proves To be a free-born girl and citizen, The general’s gift is null and void. And I’ll be free – for Phaedria, my love. 16 (Trans. C. Nord) Terence himself emphasized the priority of effect over literal fidelity in the translation of a comedy. In his prologue to Eunuchus (v. 7-8), he criticizes a colleague, qui bene vortendo et easdem scribendo male ex Graecis bonis Latinas fecit non bonas, which Coleman translates as follows: He, who translating many but not well On good Greek fables fram’d poor Latin plays. (Terence 1768) With regard to culture-specific differences of text composition, cf. Reiß (1972) and Kußmaul (1978). If I remember rightly, it was the German writer, journal- ist and translator Wilhelm Emanuel Süskind who in a radio discussion many years ago pointed out that the first chapters of novels are often composed in different ways according to culture-specific conventions: in the introductory Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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